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Tóm tắt nội dung (trích từ tài liệu gốc): Fascial Release for Structural Balance Fascial Release for Structural Balance Revised Edition James Earls & Thomas Myers Chichester, England North Atlantic Books Berkeley, California Copyright � 2010, 2017 by James Earls & Thomas Myers. All rights reserved. No portion of this book, except for brief review, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means--electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise--without the written permission of the publisher. For information, contact Lotus Publishing or North Atlantic Books. First published in 2
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Fascial Release for Structural Balance
Fascial Release for Structural Balance
Revised Edition
James Earls & Thomas Myers
Chichester, England
North Atlantic Books
Berkeley, California
Copyright � 2010, 2017 by James Earls & Thomas Myers. All rights reserved. No portion of this book,
except for brief review, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means--electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise--without the written permission
of the publisher. For information, contact Lotus Publishing or North Atlantic Books.
First published in 2010. This revised edition published in 2017 by
Lotus Publishing
Apple Tree Cottage, Inlands Road, Nutbourne, Chichester, PO18 8RJ and
North Atlantic Books
Berkeley, California
Anatomical Drawings Amanda Williams, Emily Evans Text and Cover Design Wendy Craig
Printed and Bound in the UK by Bell & Bain Limited Fascial Release for Structural Balance is sponsored
and published by the Society for the Study of Native Arts and Sciences (dba North Atlantic Books), an
educational nonprofit based in Berkeley, California, that collaborates with partners to develop cross-cultural
perspectives, nurture holistic views of art, science, the humanities, and healing, and seed personal and
global transformation by publishing work on the relationship of body, spirit, and nature.
North Atlantic Books' publications are available through most bookstores. For further information, visit our
website at www.northatlanticbooks.com or call 800-733-3000.
Disclaimer
Every effort has been made to include the most accurate and up-to-date information in this publication.
However, the authors would be grateful for any errors to be brought to their attention. Neither the authors
nor the publishers can take responsibility for misuse of this information or for injury caused by
inappropriately applied treatment. Please consult a healthcare professional before applying any of the
methods discussed in this text.
The Publisher has made every effort to trace holders of copyright in original material and to seek
permission for its use in Fascial Release for Structural Balance. Should this have proved impossible,
copyright holders are asked to contact the Publisher so that suitable acknowledgment can be made at the
first opportunity.
In memory of Stephen Stevenson, a friend, a colleague.
With my sincere thanks to his family for permission to use his images within this book.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 905367 76 4 (Lotus Publishing)
ISBN 978 1 62317 100 1 (North Atlantic Books)
The Library of Congress has catalogued the first edition as follows: Earls, James.
Fascial release for structural balance / James Earls and Tom Myers.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: "Fascial release for structural balance is a fully illustrated introductory guide to structural
anatomy and fascial release therapy"--Provided by publisher.
ISBN 978-1-905367-18-4 (Lotus Pub.)--ISBN 978-1-55643-937-7 (North Atlantic Books) 1.
Manipulation (Therapeutics) 2. Myofascial pain syndromes. 3. Fasciae (Anatomy) I. Myers, Thomas W.,
LMT. II. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Fascia--anatomy & histology. 2. Massage--methods. 3. Musculoskeletal Manipulations--
methods. WE 500 E12f 2010]
RM724.E17 2010
615.8'2--dc22
2010014999
Contents
Introduction/How to Use This Book
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Fascial Release Technique
Human Patterning
Introduction to the Fascial Webbing
Tensegrity
Chapter 2: Fascial Release and Developing Your Touch
DASIE: Development, Assessment, Strategy, Intervention, Ending
Fascial Release Technique
Body Mechanics
Questions of Direction
Designing a Session
Chapter 3: BodyReading
The Five Stages of BodyReading
The BodyReading Process
Chapter 4: The Foot and Lower Leg
The Bones of the Leg: As Easy As 1, 2, 3 ... 4, 5
The Joints: Hinges and Spirals
The Arches as a `Secondary Curve'
The Bones of the Arches
The Plantar Tissues
The Calf Muscles
BodyReading the Foot and Lower Leg
Foot and Lower Leg Techniques
Advanced BodyReading
Chapter 5: The Knee and Thigh
The Knee Joint
The One-and Two-Joint Muscles of the Thigh
BodyReading the Knee and Thigh
Knee and Thigh Techniques
Advanced BodyReading
Chapter 6: The Hip
The Bones
The Ligaments
The Muscles
1. The Trochanteric Fan
2. The Ramic Fan
3. The Inguinal Fan
BodyReading the Pelvis
Pelvic Techniques
Advanced BodyReading
Chapter 7: The Abdomen, Thorax and Breathing
The Abdomen and Ribs: Support for the Ventral Cavity
The Abdomen and Ribs: The Rib Basket
Accessory Muscles of Breathing
The Diaphragm
BodyReading the Abdomen, Thorax and Breathing
Abdomen and Thorax Techniques
Advanced BodyReading
Chapter 8: The Spine
The Vertebral Column
The Pattern of the Musculature
The Neck
BodyReading the Spine
Spine Techniques
BodyReading the Head and Neck
Neck Techniques
Advanced BodyReading
Chapter 9: The Shoulder and Arm
The Shoulder
The Arm Lines
BodyReading the Shoulders
Shoulder and Arm Techniques
Rotator Cuff Techniques
Integration
Advanced BodyReading
Appendix 1: The Anatomy Trains Lines
Appendix 2: Contraindications
References and Further Reading
Resources
Index
Introduction/How to Use This Book
Each person's structural pattern is unique--an expression of the many variables
that combine to create the shape in each of us. Thus any analysis of structure is
necessarily limited. Whether by conscious or unconscious choice, by inherited
design or learnt habit, through physical or psychological trauma, we shape our
body, and therefore the tissue that supports it, into one of the seven billion
possibilities that is you or your client. To cover each and every one of the
possible vagaries of shape would require a tome many times larger than this one.
In this book we have therefore guided you to see many of the common
tendencies, with visual examples where possible. Each chapter gives you an
introduction to the structural anatomy of a portion of the body, followed by hints
and ideas on what to look for when analyzing clients, rounded off with strategies
and tools to address the fascial sheets and guy ropes within it.
Due to the holistic nature of human patterning, it is difficult to give a linear and
methodical analysis of each and every possibility, and it would bore the reader to
do so. Where the logic behind a technique was not clearly covered within the
anatomical or BodyReading introduction, we have given structural examples
alongside the technique.
In some cases only one example is given, as it would again tire the reader to be
constantly reminded that `if the opposite pattern is present then the tissue
relationship will be reversed'. A simple understanding of the antagonistic
relationship of muscles is presumed. Although this book can stand alone, many
of the techniques presented here draw on the Anatomy Trains theory set forth in
Anatomy Trains: Myofascial Meridians for Manual and Movement Therapists
(Myers 2014), and we have not repeated all of the detail of each myofascial
meridian. That information is readily available in other sources should you wish
to research it further, though a summary of each is given in Appendix 1, for easy
reference. Nevertheless, readers unfamiliar with `Anatomy Trains' will still find
in this manual many of the necessary tools and much of the understanding
needed to start making changes with their clients' posture and movement.
The techniques are presented regionally rather than according to the Anatomy
Trains map; though where the target area does belong within the territory of a
Train it is referenced for your convenience. This allows the practitioner to take
advantage of the fascial continuities by extending the release of one area by
working on adjacent elements of the same line. So, for example, if the
hamstrings are reluctant to release or lengthen, try following the Superficial
Back Line, of which they are a significant element. We may achieve further
release by working with the gastrocnemius or sacrotuberous ligament--or even
the small suboccipital muscles. A key for the abbreviations of the lines is given
at the end of this section.
BodyReading does take practice and we have a number of other resources to
help you with it should you wish to take it further; for more details, see
Resources. Likewise, we run a number of workshops throughout the world in
which we combine the Anatomy Trains theory, BodyReading, and Fascial
Release Technique (FRT).
The techniques explained are not exhaustive. Certain areas have been omitted
because their intimacy or their delicate nature does not lend itself to learning
without the practical guidance available in a workshop or mentoring
relationship. Even the techniques included could be applied in different
variations. We encourage you to creatively adapt them to individuals in terms of
direction, depth, and choice of your body position and applicator tool used--
fingers, palm, knuckles or elbow. What is important is your understanding of
what you are trying to achieve and the nature of the tissue you are working with.
Much of this will depend on palpatory feedback, something that can be learnt
only through practice and with a certain amount of guidance.
Nevertheless, the reflective practitioner will be well equipped to face a wide
range of clients with confidence after working through the many manual
approaches in this book. We hope to encourage the reader to see the techniques
as templates and ideas that are malleable to fit the needs of the client and their
individual tissue. Work with the idea of each intervention being a
`communication between two intelligent systems', achieved by engaging and
maintaining the lock in the tissue. Even the seasoned practitioner will benefit
from time spent with the introductory sections of the book.
Most anatomy taught today uses the traditional elements of the body, generally
ignoring the important qualities of the fascial webbing and, in particular, the
myofascial continuities which this book addresses. Using the names of
individual muscles can give the impression that they are discrete, separate
entities in their own right, but several lines of current research are showing the
limitations of this way of thinking (Franklin-Miller et al. 2009, Huijing & Baan
2008, Myers 2014, Stecco et al. 2009a, van der Wal 2009, Wilke et al. 2016).
Though we describe each of the techniques with familiar muscular terminology,
keep in mind the idea of continuous sheaths, membranes and webbing of strong
elastic tissue that contain the contractile muscle cells. When we refer to any
muscle within this text, please realize that we consider it to have wider
connection in the body beyond its traditional origin and insertion. In other
words, in this book, muscle names can be thought of as `post codes' to the
muscle tissues and attendant fasciae in that area.
Our broader aim is to encourage you to think and analyze in a different way:
rather than being drawn by the client's story of their pain and looking for a
single culprit, look further afield to build a story of their entire structure.
Develop a global strategy and unfold a structural approach using fascial release,
and work with them to explore their body pattern. Both you and your client will
be rewarded with longer-lasting results and unexpected discoveries of how body
patterns inter-relate. This book provides an introduction to this exciting and
rewarding approach to bodywork. We encourage you to take it further by
attending any of the increasing number of workshops available worldwide. We
look forward to meeting you in person one day soon.
We wish you every success.
Thomas Myers & James Earls
Key to Anatomy Trains Abbreviations
SFL--Superficial Front Line SBL--Superficial Back Line LTL--Lateral Line
SPL--Spiral Line
DFL--Deep Front Line
SFAL--Superficial Front Arm Line DFAL--Deep Front Arm Line SBAL--
Superficial Back Arm Line DBAL--Deep Back Arm Line FFL--Front
Functional Line BFL--Back Functional Line
1
An Introduction to Fascial Release Technique
Human Patterning
All manual therapists, of whatever method, are seeking greater order in human
movement patterning, making forays into the porous border between structure
and function. Any change of behavior is a change of movement. For sustained
change in the postural basis of movement, attention to the fascial tissues and
their properties is essential.
Every tangible structure in the real world is a compromise between the need for
stability--necessary to maintain a coherent structure so that repetitive processes
can happen easily and reliably--and mobility, which allows the structure to deal
with all kinds of environmental novelty responsively and without `breaking'
essential parts.
Figure 1.1: The Anatomy Trains Myofascial Meridians.(a) The original Anatomy Trains map,
drawn like the London Underground lines to show the pathways by which compensation can be
shifted from one part of the body to another, quite distant part to affect the global postural pattern.
(b) This more dynamic and recent rendering of the Anatomy Trains map encourages us to ask
ourselves whether we are able to access, establish and make full use of the functional efficiencies
afforded by these lines.
While bank vaults and mountains lie at the stability end of the spectrum, living
creatures tend to lean toward the mobility end. Plants, mostly anchored, have
settled on fiber made from the carbohydrate cellulose as their main structural
element. Large land animals, including humans, primarily use the pliable protein
collagen fiber for creating structures that are stable enough to be physiologically
viable and at the same time thoroughly mobile in their ability to move through
the environment and manipulate it to their own ends.
Thus, a thorough familiarity with the properties and positioning of collagenous
tissue--which makes up most of the tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, muscle
envelopes, organ bags and attachments, and sheets of biological fabric--is vital
to successful manual therapy and physical training. Understanding muscles and
nerves--though essential--is not enough. Approaching the fascia requires a
different eye, a different touch, and tissue-specific techniques.
This stability/mobility compromise can lead to `compromising' situations at both
ends of the spectrum. On the stability end, parts that should stay mobile relative
to other parts can become fascially or neurologically stuck together and unable
to move differentially. This results in congestion and mechanical strain locally,
or additional loading in linked--but sometimes quite distant--`elsewheres'
(figure 1.1).
On the other side, sometimes parts that should stay closely bound become too
movable relative to each other, and this hypermobility can cause friction (and
thus inflammation and its aftermath). This excess movement also necessitates
either muscular or fascial compensation (read: contraction or binding)
somewhere else to create enough stability for function (like walking, standing,
sitting, work or sport) to continue without breaking down.
Muscle `knots', spasms, long-term tension in trigger points, less-than-efficient
movement patterns, thickened or glued fascia, `dead' areas of sensorimotor
amnesia and, of course, tissue pain are all ultimately sequelae of the body's
attempt to deal with these stability/mobility issues as best it can under the
available circumstances.
So, as therapists seeking to restore structural and functional integrity for our
clients, we address ourselves every day to this complex array of adaptations in
the `neuro-myofascial' web. Welcome to a practical guide to negotiating these
patterns via manipulative interventions in the highly innervated muscle and
connective tissues.
In this book we concentrate especially on the fascial/connective tissue part of
this patterning troika. Everyone knows their muscles and bones, and much study
has gone into them. The connective tissues that mediate between the two have
received less focus and are thus less well understood. It is to the properties and
disposition of these adaptable tissues that we now turn our attention.
One caveat is that any linear presentation, e.g., this book, must necessarily
present the approach in terms of individually named `parts', but the challenge for
any therapist is to assemble such piecemeal `techniques' into an artful and
holistically comprehensive approach to the client's unique overall pattern.
Chronic problems especially involve diverse tissues over wide areas of the body,
and cannot be dealt with effectively solely by local treatment at the site of pain
or dysfunction.
Developing the visual and palpatory assessment skills to create such bodywide
session or series strategies from individual techniques such as these is the goal of
our short courses and longer trainings (see Resources).
Introduction to the Fascial Webbing
Fascia is the missing element in the movement/stability equation. Understanding
the properties and physiological responses to injury, training, and manual
intervention in the fascial web is an important key to lasting and substantive
therapeutic change.
Although anatomy books and technique libraries (including this one) are quick
to label and identify these discrete bits, it is important to remember that humans
are not constructed from parts like an automobile or computer. No `part' of a
biological creature could exist without constant and unbroken connection to the
whole.
All One Net
Your fascial webwork began as a unified whole about the second week of your
development, and will remain a single connected web from top to toe and from
birth to death. From the moment of its inception as a loose, jelly-like net, it has
been folded and refolded in the complex origami of embryological development
into a human who can stand, eat and read on his or her own. When we identify
the different parts of this webbing--your dura mater, lumbar aponeurosis,
mesentery, iliotibial tract or plantar fascia--we need to remember these are man-
made names for subsets of the fascial net, artificial delineations within your
indivisible whole.
While every anatomy lists around 600 separate muscles, it is more accurate to
say that there is one muscle poured into 600 pockets of the fascial webbing. The
`illusion' of separate muscles is created by the anatomist's scalpel, dividing
tissues along the planes of fascia--and in the process obscuring the uniting
element of the fascial webwork (figure 1.2). Of course these distinctions are
useful, but this reductive process should not blind us to the reality of the
unifying whole.
Figure 1.2: The Superficial Back Line in dissection. Turn the scalpel on its side and you can
readily see the fascial connections which link muscles in longitudinal series--part of the single net
of fascia that runs from the toes (bottom) to the nose (top).
After birth, this single `organ' is subject to the shadowless force of gravity--
perhaps the largest force in shaping it, for better or for worse--interacting with
the possibilities offered by our genes and the opportunities (or lack thereof)
offered by our environment. It can be torn by injury or cut with a surgeon's
blade, and it will do its best to self-repair. It shapes itself around our patterns of
movement in breathing, walking, occupation and avocation. It is shaped by our
psychological attitudes, by the movements they allow and do not allow. Finally,
it is subject to the inevitable depredations of aging--degeneration, fraying and
drying out--until we are finally ready to leave it behind.
Through all of this it will remain a single, unifying and communicating network,
holding us in a characteristically recognizable and physiologically viable shape,
turning the contraction of the muscle tissue into sensible movement by
transmitting it to the bones and joints, and in concert with the nerves and
muscles generally managing the constantly changing mechanical forces that
impinge on us via our contact with the rest of the world.
You cannot remove a cubic centimeter from the body's meat, let alone Shylock's
pound of flesh, without bringing along some of this fascial net. This fascial
system, which combines tough fibers with an amorphous gel of gluey
proteoglycans (ground substance) in an aqueous medium, provides the
environment for each and every cell, invests every tissue, surrounds every organ
and binds the whole system into shape. With its intimate connection to every
tissue structure, it also has a large role in physiological maintenance and
immunity, but we will leave these roles for others to explain and focus on its
mechanical functions.
Tissue type Cell Fiber types Interfibrillar elements, ground
(insoluble fiber substance, water-binding
proteins) proteins
Replaced by mineral salts, calcium
Bone Osteocyte, osteoblast, Collagen carbonate, calcium phosphate
osteoclast
Chondroitin sulfate
Cartilage Chondrocyte Collagen and
elastin Minimal proteoglycans between
fibers
Ligament Fibroblast Collagen (and
elastin) Minimal proteoglycans between
fibers
Tendon Fibroblast Collagen
Some proteoglycans
Aponeuroses Fibroblast Collagen mat
More proteoglycans
Fat Adipose Collagen
Significant proteoglycans
Loose Fibroblasts, white Collagen and
areolar blood cells, adipose, elastin
mast
mast
Blood Red and white blood Fibrinogen Plasma
cells
Connective tissue cells create a stunning variety of building materials by altering a limited variety
of fibers and interfibrillar elements. The table shows only the major types of structural connective
tissues, from the most solid to the most fluid.
Figure 1.3: Cells such as fibroblasts and mast cells form connective tissues by altering the
elements in the interstitial space, by altering the proportions of the constituent elements: fibers,
gluey proteoglycans and water.
Fascial Elements
To deal with this wide variety of forces, our connective tissue cells create an
equally wide array of building materials by modifying a few surprisingly simple
elements. Bone, cartilage, tendon, ligament, heart valves, sheets of tough fabric
that surround the muscles, delicate gluey webbing that supports the brain, the
transparent cornea of your eye and the dentin in your teeth--all of these and
many other structures are made by connective tissue cells (figure 1.3).
Using proteins supplied by our food via the bloodstream, connective tissue cells
turn out the ubiquitous intercellular elements that hold our trillions of cells
together. The principal element of our structure is tough collagen fiber, which is
interwoven with other fibers--elastin and reticulin--in a bed of gluey
mucopolysaccharides, also manufactured by these cells. These large sugar and
protein polymers bind various amounts of water to create many configurations
with a spectrum of properties that serve our varying needs for stability and
mobility.
In bone, the leather-like dense web of collagen is embedded in an apatite of
calcium and mineral salts that replaces the ground substance, producing the most
rigid yet still resilient tissue in our bodies--the memento mori that lives on after
us when our other tissues have melted away. Cartilage has the same leathery
base (though cartilage can vary with more or less collagen, or elastin) but the
rest of the interstitial space is filled with a silicon-like chondroitin.
In tendon and ligament, the fiber predominates, with only a small amount of
glycoproteins within the network of fibers arranged in regular crystalline rows.
In aponeuroses, there is a similar proportion of fiber to glycoproteins, but the
fibers run every which way, like felt.
In the loose tissues, like areolar tissue or fat, fibers are interspersed within larger
amounts of aqueous glycosaminoglycans. The lower viscosity in these tissues
allows for easy dispersion of a variety of metabolites and infection-fighting
white blood cells.
Within limits, the connective tissue system is able to modify these elements to
deal with locally changing mechanical conditions, creating stronger ligaments
and denser bones in response to the demands of (say) a summer dance camp, and
of course to heal wounds, mend broken bones, or repair torn fabric.
Unfortunately it can also modify itself in a downward direction as well, in
response to a sedentary lifestyle, or a psychologically or occupationally based
chronic pattern of holding.
Figure 1.4: Myofibroblasts add cellular contraction to our picture of the fascial net. Under certain
conditions, some fibroblasts hook their cellular structure into the connective tissue matrix, and
then exert a slow, smooth muscle-like contraction into the fibrous webbing.
Recently we have learnt that the cells themselves, at least a special brand of
fibrocytes called myofibroblasts, can actually modify themselves to tie into the
fascial webbing they have created via the integrins we discuss on page 14, and
exert a force to contract it (figure 1.4). Up until this was discovered, it was
assumed that muscle was contractile, but the fascia was passively plastic. Now
we know that under certain conditions the fascia can contract, by means of these
cells altering themselves to be like smooth muscle cells, and exert a contractile
force into the surrounding fascial net.
These conditions are very interesting, because unlike any other muscle cells in
the body--smooth, cardiac, or skeletal--these hybrid connective tissue cells are
not innervated. Instead of being stimulated by nerves, they are stimulated either
by certain chemicals like antihistamines or oxytocin, or by sustained mechanical
tension through the fascia they are connected into.
Myofibroblasts take some time to build into such a contraction--twenty minutes
minimum--and some hours to completely let go, so this is not an immediate
compensatory contraction such as we might see in other muscle tissue. We
cannot recruit these myofibroblasts at a moment's notice, but over time the
combined contraction of many myofibroblasts does exert a significant pull on
such large sheets as the crural fascia around the lower leg, the thoraco-lumbar
fascia in the lower back, or the palmar or plantar fascia, where overactivity of
these cells may contribute to fibromatosis or Dupuytrens' contracture.
While little is currently known about the clinical implications of the presence or
contraction of myofibroblasts and what it might indicate for the manual
therapist, it does represent a significant departure from the established ideas, and
shows us that what we `know' about the fascia--i.e., it does not actively contract
--is subject to change.
Fascial Signaling
The biochemical signaling that governs such tissue changes on the cellular level
is just yielding its secrets to researchers, but the implications of this new
mechanobiology are far-ranging for all manual and movement therapists. Every
cell, and especially every fibrocyte, is not only `tasting' its surrounding chemical
milieu (� la the work of Candace Pert et al. (1997) with neuropeptides), it is
`listening' and responding to the mechanical environment of tensions and
compressions as well.
---
[Cuối tài liệu]
quadratus femoris, 126, 144
quadratus lumborum (QL), 130, 207
FRT, 209
quadriceps, 105�106
Ramic fan, 127�128
adductors as, 145
rectus abdominis, 161, 162
fascia of, 174
rectus capitis posterior minor (RCPM), 198
rectus femoris, 106, 99
retinaculum, 65
rhomboids FRT, 251
rib basket, 164�165: see also ribs and spine
ribcage tilt, 172
ribs and spine, 166: see also abdomen and thorax FRT
breathing and disc health, 166
muscles of breathing, 166�168
scalenes, 167
transverse processes, 166
rotational movement, 46, 58
rotator cuff, 240
rotatores muscle, 190, 191
rotoscoliosis, 163
Ruffini receptors, 28
sacroiliac joint (SI joint), 99, 124
sacrospinous ligament, 119, 120
sacrotuberous ligament, 120
SBAL (Superficial Back Arm Line), 8, 237, 238, 241, 242, 278
SBL (Superficial Back Line), 8, 275
scalenes, 167, 219�221
scapula, 231, 241
Scapular `X', 234�237
sciatic foramina, 120
secondary curves, 59
self-repair, 12
semilunar line, 162
serratus anterior FRT, 252
SFAL (Superficial Front Arm Line), 8, 237, 238, 278
SFL (Superficial Front Line), 8, 274
shift, 47
short head of biceps femoris, 109�110
shoulder, 230, 241
appendicular fan, 237
BodyReading, 243�245, 267�272
capsule, 241
clavicle, 233
compressive forces in, 231�233
femur, 232
history of, 230�231
humerus, 232
interosseous membrane, 232
latissimus dorsi and teres major�scapulohumeral FRT, 249�250
muscles of shoulder girdle, 233
muscular spokes around scapular hub, 236
myofascial sling for scapula, 234
omohyoid, 236
parasitic tension, 236
pectoralis major and sternocostal fascia FRT, 246
pectoralis minor, 235
pectoralis minor FRT, 248
rhomboids FRT, 251
scapula, 231, 241
scapular `X', 234�237
seated latissimus dorsi release, 250
serratus anterior FRT, 252
shoulder core fan, 237
splenius muscles, 236
sternocleidomastoid, 233
subclavius, 233, 234
Subclavius FRT, 247
Superficial Back Arm Line, 237
tendons of, 241
to tone lower trapezius, 236
trapezius, 233, 235
trapezius FRT, 253
upper crossed syndrome, 237
shoulder core fan, 237
side-lying internal and external obliques, 177
skeletal alignment via adjustment of soft tissue length, 43
skeletal patterns related to femur, pelvis and lumbar spine, 132
sleeve unrolling, 261
slings, 67
soft tissue relationship assessment, 47�48
soleus muscle, 65
spinal armature, 199
spinal muscles, 191
spinal nerve exit, 187
spinal rotations, 204�206
spine: see also vertebral column
back stripes, 201�202
BodyReading, 199, 221�228
psoas balancing, 210�211
quadratus lumborum FRT, 207�209
thoracolumbar fascia FRT, 207
spinal bends, 203
spinal rotations, 204�206
spinous process (SP), 191
SPL (Spiral Line), 8, 277
splenius muscles, 197, 236
square metatarsal bases, 58
stability/mobility effects, 11
standard movements, 43
sternocleidomastoid (SCM), 194, 213�214, 233
sternocostal fascia, 175
strain distribution, 19
structural analysis, 42
structural pattern variation, 7
Anatomy Trains theory, 7
BodyReading, 7
fasciae, 8
intervention as communication, 8
myofascial meridian, 7
tissue relationship, 7
subclavius, 233, 234
FRT, 247
suboccipital muscle group, 197�198, 217�218
opening, 216�217
subtalar joint, 58
superficial cylinder, 194�195
supination test, 90
supraspinatus, 241
swayback patterns, 163
tendon
around ankle joint, 68
anterior, 67
and ligament, 13
tensegrity, 18, 188�189
-based ideal of expansional balance, 44
chronic tension, 21
expansion or contraction in all axes, 19
fascial net, 21
internal integrity, 19
model for human, 18
model for spine, 18
stability and mobility, 20
strain distribution, 19
whole-body networks, 20
tensor fasciae latae (TFL), 107, 123
thigh muscles, 97: see also knee and thigh FRT
adductor magnus, 100
anterior inferior iliac spine, 98
BodyReading, 102�103
groups of, 97
hamstring, 96, 97, 99, 100�101
iliotibial tract, 99
infrapatellar ligament, 98
ischial tuberosity, 100
muscles crossing knee on inside, 101
olecranon of ulna, 98
one-joint muscles, 100
palpating tendon, 100
quadriceps in penniform fashion, 98
rectus femoris, 99
sacroiliac joint, 99
two-joint hamstrings, 99
two-joint muscle, 98, 100
vastus intermedius, 99
tibiotalar joint, 58
tilt, 45
toe
extensors, 65
flexors, 66
touch styles, 24
transitional myofasciae, 131
transverse process (TP), 166, 190
transversus abdominis, 162
trapezius, 233, 235
FRT, 253
opening, 215
trendelenburg gait, 123
triceps brachii FRT, 264�265
trochanteric Fan, 123
trochanters, clearing, 138
tumor prevention, 15
two-joint
hamstrings, 99
muscle, 98, 100
ultrasound inducer, 28
Union Jack' of abdominal muscles, 159�161
upper crossed syndrome, 237
vastus intermedius, 99
ventral cavity, 158: see also abdominal muscles; Gondola wires
abdomino-pelvic organs placement, 158
deep front line tissue, 158
diaphragm, 168
diaphragmatic movement, 169�170
fascia lata of lateral line, 158
fascial sheaths in abdomen, 161�162
pelvic cavity, 158
separation between legs and trunk, 158
Union Jack' of abdominal muscles, 159�161
vertebral column, 186: see also neck muscles
anterior column, 186
direction of facets, 189�190
erector spine, 192�193
interspinalis muscles, 190
intertransversarii muscles, 190
intervertebral disc, 186
lumbar facets, 190
multifidus muscles, 191
pattern of musculature, 190
places of muscle attachment in, 187
posterior truss, 188
rotatores muscle, 190, 191
spinal muscles, 191
spinal nerve exit, 187
tensegrity, 188�189
vertical belt, 162
Vitruvian Man of Leonardo da Vinci, 15
whole-body networks, 20
Wolff's law, 15
wrist, 260