🎾 Basal Ganglia¶
Giới Thiệu¶
Basal Ganglia — tài liệu 4 trang từ thư viện sách tennis.
Tóm tắt nội dung (trích từ tài liệu gốc): Current Biology Dispatches 2. Mayberg, H.S., Lozano, A.M., Voon, V., 7. Drysdale, A.T., Grosenick, L., Downar, J., 14. Cheng, W., Rolls, E.T., Qiu, J., Liu, W., Tang, McNeely, H.E., Seminowicz, D., Hamani, C., Dunlop, K., Mansouri, F., Meng, Y., Fetcho, Y., Huang, C.C., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Lin, W., Schwalb, J.M., and Kennedy, S.H. (2005). R.N., Zebley, B., Oathes, D.J., Etkin, A., et al. Zheng, L., et al. (2016). Medial reward and Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant (2017). Resting-state connectivity biomarkers lateral non-reward orbitofrontal cortex circuits depression. Neuron 45,
Lưu ý: Nội dung dưới đây được trích xuất tự động từ PDF gốc tiếng Anh, giữ nguyên ngôn ngữ để bảo toàn độ chính xác kỹ thuật.
Nội Dung Gốc (Tiếng Anh)¶
Current Biology
Dispatches
2. Mayberg, H.S., Lozano, A.M., Voon, V., 7. Drysdale, A.T., Grosenick, L., Downar, J., 14. Cheng, W., Rolls, E.T., Qiu, J., Liu, W., Tang,
McNeely, H.E., Seminowicz, D., Hamani, C., Dunlop, K., Mansouri, F., Meng, Y., Fetcho, Y., Huang, C.C., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Lin, W.,
Schwalb, J.M., and Kennedy, S.H. (2005). R.N., Zebley, B., Oathes, D.J., Etkin, A., et al. Zheng, L., et al. (2016). Medial reward and
Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant (2017). Resting-state connectivity biomarkers lateral non-reward orbitofrontal cortex circuits
depression. Neuron 45, 651�660. define neurophysiological subtypes of change in opposite directions in depression.
depression. Nat. Med. 23, 28�38. Brain 139, 3296�3309.
3. Pascual-Leone, A., Rubio, B., Pallardo� , F., and
Catala� , M.D. (1996). Rapid-rate transcranial 8. Kringelbach, M.L. (2005). The human 15. Nauczyciel, C., Le Jeune, F., Naudet, F.,
magnetic stimulation of left dorsolateral orbitofrontal cortex: linking reward to hedonic Douabin, S., Esquevin, A., Verin, M., Dondaine,
prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression. experience. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 691�702. T., Robert, G., Drapier, D., and Millet, B. (2014).
Lancet 348, 233�237. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
9. Grabenhorst, F., and Rolls, E.T. (2011). Value, over the orbitofrontal cortex for obsessive-
4. Greicius, M.D., Flores, B.H., Menon, V., pleasure and choice in the ventral prefrontal compulsive disorder: a double-blind,
Glover, G.H., Solvason, H.B., Kenna, H., Reiss, cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15, 56�67. crossover study. Transl. Psych. 9, e436.
A.L., and Schatzberg, A.F. (2007). Resting-
state functional connectivity in major 10. Stalnaker, T.A., Cooch, N.K., and Schoenbaum, 16. Fettes, P., Peters, S., Giacobbe, P.,
depression: abnormally increased G. (2015). What the orbitofrontal cortex does not Blumberger, D.M., and Downar, J. (2017).
contributions from subgenual cingulate cortex do. Nat. Neurosci. 18, 620�627. Neural correlates of successful orbitofrontal
and thalamus. Biol. Psych. 62, 429�437. 1 Hz rTMS following unsuccessful dorsolateral
11. Rolls, E.T. (2016). A non-reward attractor and dorsomedial prefrontal rTMS in major
5. Sheline, Y.I., Price, J.L., Yan, Z., and Mintun, theory of depression. Neurosci. Biobehav. depression: A case report. Brain Stimul. 10,
M.A. (2010). Resting-state functional MRI in Rev. 68, 47�58. 165�167.
depression unmasks increased connectivity
between networks via the dorsal nexus. Proc. 12. Small, D.M., Zatorre, R.J., Dagher, A., Evans, 17. Feffer, K., Fettes, P., Giacobbe, P., Daskalakis,
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 11020�11025. A.C., and Jones-Gotman, M. (2001). Changes Z.J., Blumberger, D.M., and Downar, J. (2018).
in brain activity related to eating chocolate: 1Hz rTMS of the right orbitofrontal cortex for
6. Bakker, N., Shahab, S., Giacobbe, P., from pleasure to aversion. Brain 124, major depression: Safety, tolerability and
Blumberger, D.M., Daskalakis, Z.J., Kennedy, 1720�1733. clinical outcomes. Eur.
S.H., and Downar, J. (2015). rTMS of the Neuropsychopharmacol. 28, 109�117.
dorsomedial prefrontal cortex for major 13. Johnstone, T., van Reekum, C.M., Urry, H.L.,
depression: safety, tolerability, effectiveness, Kalin, N.H., and Davidson, R.J. (2007). Failure 18. Hutt, A., Griffiths, J.D., Herrmann, C.S., and
and outcome predictors for 10 Hz versus to regulate: counterproductive recruitment of Lefebvre, J. (2018). Effect of stimulation
intermittent theta-burst stimulation. Brain top-down prefrontal-subcortical circuitry in waveform on the non-linear entrainment of
Stimul. 8, 208�215. major depression. J. Neurosci. 27, 8877�8884. cortical alpha oscillations. Front. Neurosci. 12,
376.
Basal Ganglia: Striosomes and the Link between
Motivation and Action
Richard Courtemanche* and Amanda Cammalleri
FRQS Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie Comportementale (CSBN), and Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology,
Concordia University, Montreal (Qc), H4B 1R6, Canada
*Correspondence: richard.courtemanche@concordia.ca
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.051
The basal ganglia integrate motivation and action across their circuits; neurons in anatomical modules called
striosomes could contribute strongly to this merger. A new method focusing on network interconnections will
allow a better understanding of the functional role of striosomes.
Motivation plays an important role in our major role in shaping behavioral actions: cheese, this compartment shows a
daily actions. For example in sports, let's every day we make motivated decisions distinct scattered anatomical pattern
say you're about to serve for a key point in that begin with cognition and end with (Figure 1B). While striosomes have been
a tennis match: you really want to get that action. The brain's basal ganglia are an well characterized anatomically in many
first serve in. Motivation and action important nexus for this motivation/action species, data concerning their
circuits in the brain will need to quickly interface. electrophysiology and functionality have
interact. On a longer timescale, say you been elusive. In the non-human primate,
must decide if you're going to exercise The input structure of the basal ganglia, where much knowledge of the cognition/
your right on election day -- you are, and the striatum, contains neurons that action interface has been explored at the
you will make sure to give your support to receive information about both motivation neuronal level, the scattering of
your best candidate. Both these and action, located in a compartment striosomes and their depth in the brain
examples show that motivation plays a called striosomes. Distributed sinuously present a localization challenge (see
across the striatum like spaces in swiss
R62 Current Biology 29, R50�R70, January 21, 2019 � 2018 Elsevier Ltd.
Current Biology
Dispatches
Figure 1B). A new study by Hong et al. [1], A B Stimulate
reported recently in Current Biology,
delivers important new insight into C Record Striosomes
how neural activity from striosomes can Matrix
be localized, permitting us to address
their functionality. The authors devised Str AMFC
a novel way to determine neuronal LHb OFC
activity corresponding to striosomal
sites in the awake behaving monkey, RMTg GPi
by using an approach based on
neural interconnection patterns. This SNc
study opens further avenues for VTA
research on striatal compartments to
help better understand their role in mood Current Biology
and action.
Figure 1. The striato-pallidal-habenular pathway and the stimulation method to identify
On a larger scale, for optimized striosomes.
performance, motivated actions require A look at basal ganglia organization at various levels, outlining the (A) micro-, (B) meso- and (C) macro-
contributions from multiple interacting levels. These span the cellular, local networks, and systems levels of the central nervous system. This
cortical brain areas, complemented by figure also illustrates the strategy used to electrophysiologically locate striosomes, based on a
critical subcortical loops [2]. These combination of stimulation in the striatum and recording in the lateral habenula; see the striatal inset in
interconnected loops bring together (B). By systematically stimulating multiple locations in the striatum and recording responses in the
important calculations from the lateral habenula, striosome locations were estimated, as their stimulation produces strong habenular
cerebellum and basal ganglia in decision, excitatory or inhibitory responses. The pathway is presented in (C). Striosomes send inhibitory signals
planning, and execution of actions [3]. In to the internal globus pallidus (GPi), red arrow, which, in turn, stimulate neurons in the lateral habenula,
their overall network, the basal ganglia yellow arrow. The striatum receives cortical input from the antero-medial frontal cortex (AMFC) and
bring together the motivational and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The lateral habenula sends downstream signals via the rostromedial
purpose-driven aspects of successful tegmental nucleus (RMTg) to dopaminergic nuclei involved in reward and affect, the substantia nigra
action plans, as well as playing a critical pars compacta (SNc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The feedback connections are not
role in the formation of habits [4]. The indicated, for clarity. The goal of the procedure was to locate, with precision, the limits of striosomes.
striatum and its compartments, the Multiple stimulation sites were used to locate putative striosomal sites; see the schematic in (A). Panels
striosomes and the matrix (Figure 1C) are (B) and (C) adapted from the atlas found at http://brainmaps.org (see [20]).
well-established subdivisions, largely due
to detailed anatomical work from the striatum via a two-synapse stimulating this pathway, Hong et al. [1]
same laboratory [5�7], with neurons being interconnection (see the pathway affected the balance in this disynaptic
part of striosomes or part of the matrix representation in Figure 1C, identifying connection.
(which is sometimes further parcellated the striato-pallidal and pallido-
into matrisomes) [6]. The striosomes in habenular links), while using repeated Located near and having evolved
particular were first identified by their stimulations to map the striatum. alongside the pineal gland, the lateral
neurochemical properties [7], being linked The striatal stimulations activate the habenula serves as an important juncture
with motivational aspects via dopamine pallido-habenular circuit, inhibiting between the basal ganglia and limbic
neurotransmission [8,9]; a schematic globus pallidus neurons, which in system, and it responds to negative
rendering of striosomes is shown in contrast send excitatory projections events to aid in emotive decisions and
Figure 1A,B. Neurons in the matrix to the lateral habenula [10]. By movement in potentially threatening
compartment of the striatum combine situations [11,12]. It signals negative
information from many cortical regions
to optimize actions [6]. But due to
technical difficulties in determining
which neurons are part of striosomes
during behavioral electrophysiology [9],
much remains to be uncovered
concerning the function of striosomes.
More knowledge on the operation of
these circuits would provide important
insight on how the brain programs
motivated actions.
To determine which parts of the
striatum consist of striosomes, Hong et al.
[1] recorded neuronal activity in the lateral
habenula, connected downstream of the
Current Biology 29, R50�R70, January 21, 2019 R63
Current Biology
Dispatches
possible outcomes to other brainstem represented in Figure 1A. It provided also shows strong oscillations in
neuromodulatory areas, including the high-probability sites along the track to response to rewarded actions [18];
ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra be considered as part of the striosomal also second, stimulation of small striatal
pars compacta, dorsal/medial raphe system. zones -- which could correspond to
nuclei, and laterodorsal tegmentum, by striosomes -- can elicit an anxious state
acting upon dopamine, serotonin, and The careful and dense mapping in a monkey, a phenomenon related to
norepinephrine receptors [12]. constitutes an important component of beta-band oscillations [19]. These
establishing the method, as the size of elements provide evidence that
The lateral habenula plays an important striosomes is around 500 mm wide; by oscillatory signals flowing through
role in decision-making by labelling advancing in the track too quickly, some striosomes could represent a mechanism
experiences as either aversive or striosome sites could be missed. of influence on the expression of mood
rewarding in comparison to expectations. Following this mapping, a detailed and actions.
Over-activation of the habenula can lead quantitative analysis revealed `hotspots'
to a negative bias, and to beliefs that along the track, which represented high- Overall, using a finely-tuned
outcomes are worse than they really are. probability sites for putative striosome methodology, Hong et al. [1]
In a potentially threatening situation, the locations. These were then compared complemented their detailed seminal
habenula will increase its inhibitory with the anatomical localization of work on striosomes with an innovative
activity on dopamine neurons in the striosomes, using classical micro- electrophysiological approach to tease
ventral tegmental area and the substantia anatomical methods. This last out the details of striatal modularity and
nigra pars compacta. Conversely, a tonic comparison completed the elegant work connectivity. This study paves the way for
under-activation of the habenula can do of localization, relating the anatomical future efforts in striosome population
the opposite, giving individuals a positive compartment with the physiological coding and its relation to complex
bias and beliefs that outcomes are less signals. motivated behaviours. By revealing which
negative than in reality, leading to neurons belong to striatal compartments,
increased risk-taking and disinhibited The final step in the Hong et al. [1] study this methodology will allow us to
behaviors [13]. Dysregulation of the involved further characterization of the determine the sensorimotor, cognitive
habenula has been associated with electrophysiological responses, to better and motivation-based neural populations
depression, sleep disorders, anxiety, and understand the place of striosomes within involved in behavior, and their
schizophrenia [11]. the local and overall networks of the basal computational interactions. Perhaps,
ganglia and limbic system. Following further along the way, we will also be able
In their experiments, Hong et al. [1] striosome stimulation, multi-unit activity to determine for sure the optimal neural
used a precise combination of striatal in the lateral habenula would present a state -- and involved networks -- to
stimulation coupled with lateral habenula rhythm in the beta (12�30 Hz) range. As perfectly hit (but not over-hit!) that winning
recordings, along with detailed histologic similar rhythmic phenomena have already tennis serve, or to be fully engaged in the
identification. This served to determine if been uncovered in basal ganglia circuits electoral process.
the stimulated sites were within (for example [14�16]), this means that the
striosomes, via the response in the habenula could show reverberating REFERENCES
lateral habenula. The first step was to properties in response to basal ganglia
isolate neural activity in the lateral output. This rhythmic interaction could 1. Hong, S., Amemori, S., Chung, E., Gibson,
habenula, whose localization was represent a temporal mode of D.J., Amemori, K.I., and Graybiel, A.M. (2019).
determined via magnetic resonance communication between the basal Predominant striatal input to the lateral
imaging and targeted electrode ganglia and habenula. Basal ganglia habenula in macaques comes from
penetrations. The experimenters trained oscillatory activity is amplified under striosomes. Curr. Biol. 29, 51�61.
monkeys to make eye movements dopamine depletion, enough to
(saccades) to a visual target presented pathologically affect the striato-pallidal 2. Cisek, P., and Kalaska, J.F. (2010). Neural
on a computer screen; green targets output (for example [17]). As its activity mechanisms for interacting with a world full of
providing a juice reward, and white sometimes responds with a rhythm to action choices. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 33,
targets providing no reward. The monkey striosome stimulation, the lateral 269�298.
would still make saccades to the white habenula could be recruited when basal
targets, as trials without saccades would ganglia afferents oscillate. It remains to be 3. Bostan, A.C., and Strick, P.L. (2018). The basal
have to be repeated. Once the profile of determined if this is limited to stimulation ganglia and the cerebellum: nodes in an
the lateral habenula response was experiments, or if such recruitment would integrated network. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 19,
known, the stimulation part of the occur in normal and/or neuropathological 338�350.
experiment would start. By networks.
systematically stimulating the striatum 4. Smith, K.S., and Graybiel, A.M. (2016). Habit
every 200 mm and recording the Two other interesting findings from the formation. Dialogues Clin. Neuro. 18, 33�43.
response in the lateral habenula, same laboratory can be related to
particular locations along the track were rhythmic network interactions affecting 5. Flaherty, A.W., and Graybiel, A.M. (1993).
found to elicit a stronger response. This striosomes: first, medial prefrontal Output architecture of the primate putamen.
enabled the authors to localize cortex (AMFC, Figure 1C) activation to J. Neurosci. 13, 3222�3237.
striosomes, and is schematically striosome circuits shapes cost/benefit
decision-making [9], and this cortex 6. Graybiel, A.M. (2010). Templates for neural
dynamics in the striatum: striosomes and
matrisomes. In Handbook of Brain
Microcircuits, G.M. Shepherd, and S. Grillner,
eds. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press),
pp. 120�126.
R64 Current Biology 29, R50�R70, January 21, 2019
Current Biology
Dispatches
7. Graybiel, A.M., and Ragsdale, C.W., Jr. (1978). 11. Namboodiri, V.M.K., Rodriguez-Ronnaguera, behaving monkeys. J. Neurosci. 23,
Histochemically distinct compartments in the J., and Stuber, G.D. (2016). The habenula. 11741�11752.
striatum of human, monkeys, and cat Curr. Biol. 26, R873�R877.
demonstrated by acetylthiocholinesterase 17. Lemaire, N., Hernandez, L.F., Hu, D., Kubota,
staining. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 12. Hikosaka, O. (2010). The habenula: from stress Y., Howe, M.W., and Graybiel, A.M. (2012).
5723�5726. evasion to value-based decision-making. Nat. Effects of dopamine depletion on LFP
Rev. Neurosci. 11, 503�513. oscillations in striatum are task- and
8. Yoshizawa, T., Ito, M., and Doya, K. (2018). learning-dependent and selectively reversed
Reward-predictive neural activities in striatal 13. Epstein, E.L., Hurley, R.A., and Taber, K.H. by L-DOPA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109,
striosome compartments. eNeuro 5, 5. pii: (2018). The habenula's role in adaptive 18126�18131.
ENEURO.0367-17.2018. https://doi.org/10. behaviors: Contributions from neuroimaging.
1523/ENEURO.0367-17.2018. J. Neuropsych. Clin. N 30, 1�4. 18. Amarante, L.M., Caetano, M.S., and Laubach,
M. (2017). Medial frontal theta is entrained to
9. Friedman, A., Homma, D., Gibb, L.G., 14. Hammond, C., Bergman, H., and Brown, P. rewarded actions. J. Neurosci. 37,
Amemori, K.I., Rubin, S.J., Hood, A.S., Riad, (2007). Pathological synchronization in 10757�10769.
M.H., and Graybiel, A.M. (2015). A Parkinson's disease: networks, models
Corticostriatal path targeting striosomes and treatments. Trends Neurosci. 30, 19. Amemori, K.I., Amemori, S., Gibson, D.J., and
controls decision-making under conflict. Cell 357�364. Graybiel, A.M. (2018). Striatal microstimulation
161, 1320�1333. induces persistent and repetitive negative
15. Brittain, J.S., Sharott, A., and Brown, P. (2014). decision-making predicted by striatal
10. Stephenson-Jones, M., Yu, K., Ahrens, S., The highs and lows of beta activity in beta-band oscillation. Neuron 99, 829�841.
Tucciarone, J.M., van Huijstee, A.N., Mejia, cortico-basal ganglia loops. Eur. J. Neurosci.
L.A., Penzo, M.A., Tai, L.H., Wilbrecht, L., and 39, 1951�1959. 20. Mikula, S., Trotts, I., Stone, J.M., and Jones,
Li, B. (2016). A basal ganglia circuit for E.G. (2007). Internet-enabled high-resolution
evaluating action outcomes. Nature 539, 16. Courtemanche, R., Fujii, N., and Graybiel, A.M. brain mapping and virtual microscopy.
289�293. (2003). Synchronous, focally modulated Neuroimage 35, 9�15.
beta-band oscillations characterize local field
potential activity in the striatum of awake
Human Genetics: The Evolving Story of FOXP2
Simon E. Fisher1,2,3
1Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
2Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlandstocsum
3Twitter: @ProfSimonFisher
Correspondence: simon.fisher@mpi.nl
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.047
FOXP2 mutations cause a speech and language disorder, raising interest in potential roles of this gene in
human evolution. A new study re-evaluates genomic variation at the human FOXP2 locus but finds no
evidence of recent adaptive evolution.
One longstanding challenge in biology is language skills, one of the most distinctive years later, Atkinson and colleagues [6]
to understand how changes in the human capabilities of Homo sapiens, this gene perform a thorough investigation of
genome contributed to the evolution of was seen as an obvious candidate for modern human FOXP2 variation, taking
our species. With advances in molecular evolutionary study. This led to two advantage of genome sequences
methods, this question can be independent reports in 2002, which available from diverse populations across
investigated by comparing DNA established that, despite high sequence the world; these new analyses provide no
sequences from Homo sapiens to those of conservation in primates, the human support for recent selection, overturning
other great apes, and even to archaic FOXP2 protein differed from its prior conclusions.
hominins, such as Neandertals, as well as chimpanzee counterpart at two amino-
by searching for signs of Darwinian acid sites [4,5]. Moreover, when the FOXP2 was originally discovered
selection in the genomic variation of living studies examined nucleotide variation in through intensive studies of a large family
human populations [1]. In 2001, a study the relevant part of the genomic locus in in which fifteen relatives, across three
reported the first case of a gene mutated living populations, patterns were generations, had problems sequencing
in a developmental speech and language compatible with recent positive selection the rapid co-ordinated movements that
disorder [2]. The culprit, a gene called having acted on FOXP2 [4,5]. FOXP2 facilitate fluent speech, accompanied by
FOXP2, attracted the attention of became a poster-child for genes that may impaired language production and
researchers across multiple disciplines have played a role in the emergence of comprehension [2]. All affected members
[3]. Given its link to acquisition of spoken modern humans. Now, more than 15 carried a heterozygous point mutation in
FOXP2, disturbing the function of the
Current Biology 29, R50�R70, January 21, 2019 � 2018 Elsevier Ltd. R65