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Tennisology
Inside the Science of Serves,
Nerves, and On-Court Dominance
Thomas W. Rowland
Human Kinetics
www.Ebook777.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data has been applied for.
ISBN: 978-1-4504-6969-2 (print)
Copyright � 2014 by Thomas W. Rowland
All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction or utilization of this work in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
xerography, photocopying, and recording, and in any information storage and retrieval system, is
forbidden without the written permission of the publisher.
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E6177
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This book is dedicated to the memory of my pa-
rents, Dr. A. Westley Rowland and Belle Rowland,
who instilled in their eldest son the lifelong joy of
playing the game of tennis.
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CONTENTS
Preface vii
Chapter 1 Evolution of the Sport 1
Chapter 2 Court Lessons for Life 15
Chapter 3 Tennis Skill Development 29
Chapter 4 Nature Versus Nurture
on the Court 49
Chapter 5 Player Development 73
iv
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Chapter 6 Physics of Tennis 95
Chapter 7 Tennis Technology 115
Chapter 8 The Trained Tennis Body 131
Chapter 9 Visualization Techniques 153
Chapter 10 Match Mind-Set 167
Bibliography 180
Index 188
About the Author 196
v
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PREFACE
This book that you are holding in your hands was 51 years in
the writing.
It started on May 21, 1963. An earnest young reporter from
the University of Michigan school paper, The Michigan Daily,
was sharing lunch with Ray Senkowski, the Wolverines' best
hope for a Big Ten singles tennis title, at a restaurant in
Evanston, Illinois.
Senkowski: Tennis is the most amazing sport.
Reporter: Uh-huh.
Senkowski: Just the way the game flows. Each point
is like a short story, one which you don't know the
ending.
Reporter: Yeah.
Senkowski: You know, I can tell all about a person--
what he's like--just after playing tennis against him
for five minutes. Probably more than someone who's
known him for many years.
Reporter: Really?
Senkowski: Have you ever thought about it? The
game of tennis is really just like life.
Reporter: Yeah.
The reporter demonstrating those keen investigative skills
is, of course, this author. Briefly on the team as a freshman, a
decision to switch to journalism had been rapidly made after
being wiped out 6-0, 6-1 by former Canadian junior champion
Harry Fauquier on the first day of practice. (Fauquier went on
to lose to Roy Emerson in the opening round at Wimbledon
two years later by a remarkably similar 6-2, 6-1, 6-0 score.
vii
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viii Preface
Was it mere coincidence or divine retribution? Late at night
one still wonders.)
Senkowski was about to defend his Big Ten title that af-
ternoon against Northwestern's Marty Riessen. Unsuccessfully,
it turned out, when a net cord caused him to drop the second
set. Ray had taken the first, 6-2, but his forehand tipped the
top of the net and fell back, and with that his momentum. Just
when victory had seemed so close at hand it was a straight
meltdown, and Riessen took the title. So, as he said, it's just
like life--an inch here, an inch there, and you're a champ or a
loser.
Over the years Ray's idea keeps coming back to me. Does
the game of tennis really mimic life? Sometimes it seems like
going out there and batting the fuzzy ball across the net is just
entertainment, and sometimes it is much more philosophically
and metaphysically profound. In other words, what does
tennis really mean?
There's no question that the game of tennis shares a great
deal of what we experience in daily life. How we act (ag-
gressive or passive), how we make decisions (both good and
bad), and how we confront uncertainty, accept mistakes, and
face winning and losing alike--it's all there on the court as
well as in our daily routines. We can gain a good deal of in-
sight about ourselves as well as the people we play, work, and
live with during a set or two on a warm summer's afternoon.
But tennis is a lot of other things, too, such as philosophy,
psychology, history, art, ethics, and--particularly--science.
The technical advances in rackets, formulation of court playing
surfaces, insight into proper practice regimens, development of
game-appropriate training based on knowledge of physiology,
physics that guides shot selection--the list is long. All of these
have contributed to the essence of what the game has become.
This theme flows through the chapters of this book. Cer-
tainly those responsible for training the world's greatest tennis
players have long relied on approaches based on insights from
scientific research. The chapters that follow demonstrate that
the average 3.5-ranked player at the club level can learn a
good deal from this research as well.
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Preface ix
Chapter 1 explores the historical roots of modern-day
tennis and depicts how changes in the game reflect changes in
the society in which the game is played. Present-day tennis
competition bears little resemblance to the original game of jeu
de paume, played indoors by pious personages in the cathedrals
of 12th century Europe, or to the easy social ambiance of the
courts on the lawns of the Victorian British elite. The history of
tennis has been marked by the fascinating--and often contro-
versial--personalities who have played and shaped the game.
Just as important to the development of the sport are the con-
tributions of science.
Chapter 2 considers how challenges on the court so closely
reflect those faced in daily life. Perhaps the meaning of tennis
lies in some inherent need to face possible frustration and
defeat for the chance of success and victory, or maybe the
social aspects of club membership, the joy of muscular
movement, and the health benefits of tennis are sufficient to
explain the draw of the sport.
Chapter 3 discusses just how the human body learns to play
the game and examines the means by which one acquires the
rather miraculous physical and mental skills that go into tennis
play. The interesting basic neurophysiology presented in these
pages has practical importance in how one might best learn,
improve, and teach the game.
Is one's ability to play the game of tennis dictated by the ge-
netic information inherited from parents? Or, instead, is one
able to improve through hours of committed practice? Chapter
4 examines this age-old nature versus nurture argument,
which has a particularly critical implication in sport. The ge-
netic argument implies a ceiling above which one cannot im-
prove, whereas the training argument suggests that there's
always hope for steady improvement and that the control of
progress is in the hands of the player.
Chapter 5 delves into a controversy that's an issue for both
those raising tennis-playing children and coaches training
young players. Some feel that youngsters should be directed
into early sport specialization as a means of producing (ulti-
mately) star performers. However, it may be more healthy--
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x Preface
and, in the end, more successful--to encourage well-rounded
involvement in sport play and delay tennis specialization until
the early teen years. Opinion on this issue might revolve
around how one perceives the role of deliberate practice in
producing elite-level athletes.
Tennis is a game of uncertainty that is played within a set of
immutable rules, both designed (e.g., keeping the ball in the
lines) and physical (e.g., the forces of physics). Chapter 6 re-
views the physical laws that define the game and emphasizes
that understanding the effects of gravity and spin on the ball
can give players an advantage.
Chapters 7 and 8 discuss two topics influencing tennis-
playing skill that are under the direct control of the individual
player and that have changed the nature of the game. Tech-
nical advances in tennis equipment--particularly the racket--
have dramatically altered how the game is played. These ad-
vances are available to everyone, from the senior player on the
community tennis court to the Wimbledon finalist. Similarly,
as the level of play has increased in all parts of the game, the
role that physical fitness plays in determining winner versus
loser has become apparent. These chapters discuss how players
can take advantage of scientific knowledge in both technical
advances and physical fitness.
New neurophysiologic information indicates that motor
skills might be achieved, at least to some extent, by visually
witnessing others perform a particular action, such as a serve
or drop shot. This is a step beyond mentally imaging your own
supreme performance, which is a traditional tool of sport psy-
chologists. It's about your brain actually being able to imitate
and learn the mechanics of Roger Federer's tennis serve simply
by watching him perform it. Chapter 9 explores this fascinating
new frontier.
No person who has ever competed on the tennis court is
oblivious to the critical role that psychological factors--espe-
cially mental toughness--play in achieving winning success.
Chapter 10 reviews the psychological constructs that define
such mental hardiness and offers some ideas on how it might
be achieved.
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Preface xi
The chapters in this book provide insight into how myriad
factors--psychological, physiological, and physical--combine
to affect the game of tennis. In recognizing such influences, the
tennis player--young or old, 2.5 or 5.5--will be able to en-
hance both the performance and enjoyment of a truly mar-
velous game.
One more theme runs through the chapters of this book.
The challenge of tennis is not the weather, the racket, the
court surface, or even the opponent. It's you. It couldn't be
said more eloquently than David Foster Wallace wrote in In-
finite Jest:
The true opponent, the enfolding boundary, is the player
himself. Always and only the self out there on the court,
to be met, fought, brought to the table to hammer out
terms. The competing boy on the net's other side: he is
not the foe: he is more the partner in the dance. He is
what is the word excuse or occasion for meeting the self.
Tennis's beauty's infinite roots are self-competitive. You
compete within your own limits to transcend the self in
imagination and execution. Disappear inside the game:
break through limits: transcend: improve: win . . . . All
life is the same . . . the animating limits are within.1
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CHAPTER 1
Evolution of the Sport
Just outside Birmingham, England, is the Barber Institute of
Fine Arts, nestled among the majestic elms of the University of
Birmingham. In the summer of 2011, the institute mounted a
unique exhibition of the art of tennis called "Court on
Canvas." The message was that tennis is indeed artful. It's a
game of grace and rhythm that, to both players and spectators,
undeniably has a true sense of beauty. It is powerful and dra-
matic and has the sensuousness of muscular effort.
In a fascinating way, artists depicting the game of tennis
have expressed--purposefully or not--its place in the cultural
milieu of human society. Visitors roaming the exhibit were
struck by how these works displayed how the role of tennis
has changed over time. These paintings did not simply address
the artistic aspects of a physical contest; rather, they revealed
tennis to be a sociological mirror. It is fascinating to see how
the games we play--tennis, in this particular case--reflect the
culture that surrounds us. We witness the changing roles of
women in society, the ways social class evolves over time, and
the influence of war, technology, and economic trends.
They're all there in the evolution of the game.
This exhibit was presented at the Barber Institute of Fine
Arts because the institute sits just under a kilometer from the
Ampton Road address in Edgbaston where Augurio Perera in
1859 played the very first game of lawn tennis with his friend
Harry Gem, making up the rules as they went along. This
marked the beginning of the adoption of the game among the
croquet-playing British leisure class.
The early paintings in the exhibit depicted lawn tennis as a
fashionable, relaxed social pastime of upper-class men and
women, who usually gathered about grassy tennis courts in
the elaborate shaded gardens of country estates. It was a slow-
1
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2 Tennisology
moving game to be sure. Etiquette was broken, for instance, if
one served overhand or sprinted to return a hard-hit ball. The
exhibit guidebook, written by organizer Ann Sumner, includes
an 1881 quote from Lieutenant Colonel Robert Olson de-
scribing the perfect setting for an afternoon of lawn tennis:
The scene should be laid on a well-kept garden lawn.
There should be a bright warm sun overhead, and just
sufficient breeze whispering through the trees . . . to
prevent the day from being sultry. Near at hand, under
the cool shadow of a tree, there should be strawberries
and cream, an iced claret mug, and a few spectators who
do not want to play but are lovers of the game, intel-
ligent and appreciative. If all these conditions are
present, an afternoon spent at lawns tennis is a highly
Christian and beneficent pastime.8
These Victorian-era paintings of lawn tennis in Great
Britain focused almost exclusively on female players. Where
were the men? Most often in the background. At the time,
women participating in vigorous physical activity--particularly
red-faced damsels running about a tennis court in mixed
doubles in the heat of summer--were quite a novelty. Female
involvement in tennis challenged the standards of the day,
which held that such athletic play was a threat to femininity.
Lawn tennis broke the traditional models of female behavior in
what was exclusively a male-dominated society, particularly in
sport. As evident from these early paintings, females were ex-
pected to play attired in full-length dresses, corsets, and hats--
hardly conducive to a vicious serve-and-volley game.
The exhibit guidebook quotes Herbert Chipp, secretary of
the Lawn Tennis Association in 1900:
Whether for better or worse, whether we disapprove
with our grandmothers or approve with our daughters,
times have changed . . . We may surely venture to hope
that our daughters will not be worse mothers because,
instead of leading sedentary lives, a great proportion of
their young years will be spent . . . on the tennis court.8
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Evolution of the Sport 3
Early female tennis players, like French player Suzanne Lenglen, shown
here hitting a forehand in 1923, helped break traditional conventions and
signaled the coming growth of rights and freedoms for women.
Barratts/Press Association Images
Mr. Chipp could hardly have foreseen the role of women--
and mothers--on the international stage in today's hard-paced
game. Nor was it clear in 1900 that the development of fe-
males on the tennis court would foreshadow the growth of the
rights and freedoms of women throughout Great Britain.
There is no mistaking the message of this exhibit: There is
true beauty in the sport of tennis, the evolution of which has
always been an expression of the society surrounding it. From
the early days of its narrow status among the elite to becoming
a popular sport enjoyed around the world, the game of tennis
has always reflected social change.
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4 Tennisology
Historical Origins
The historical roots of modern tennis go much deeper than the
lazy, hazy afternoons of lawn tennis in 19th century Great
Britain. As Patty Hurtado has written, it appears that humans
have been attracted to swinging sticks at balls in the name of
sport competition since antiquity.5 However, the most direct
ancestor of today's tennis is the game of jeu de paume ("game
with the hand"), which was played in France as early as the
1100s. In this game, the ball, made of solid cork covered with
leather strapping, was struck over a low-slung net or some-
times a narrow mound of earth, initially with the hands (as in-
dicated by the name) and then eventually with short, curved
rackets. The game was played in a narrow indoor hall with tall
walls and high ceilings, and the most common adversaries
were friars and monks in Middle Age monasteries.
The game spread throughout Europe and experienced par-
ticular growth in England, where it was called court tennis or
real tennis. Here it was played largely by the nobility and was
particularly popular with the British royalty. (It has been sug-
gested that King Henry VIII, who was obsessed with the game,
had more rackets than wives.) Given the high velocity of the
solid ball, in playing this game one actually assumed a risk of
demise in addition to the ignominy of defeat. In the 14th
century, the brother of the French thinker Montaigne died
after being hit in the head by a ball. This event seemed to alter
Montaigne's fear of death; he decided, in the end, not to worry
about it. In 1751, the Prince of Wales died from what may
have been an infected wound caused by a ball strike to the ab-
domen.
Many tennis terms used today presumably originate from
this time, particularly from France. Most agree that the term
love is derived from the French l'oeuf, meaning a goose egg
(i.e., zero). The word tennis itself probably originates from the
French tenez (translated as "brace yourself"), which the server
would shout before striking the ball. Deuce comes from a deux,
indicating that the next player to win two consecutive points
will take the game.
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Evolution of the Sport 5
Growth of International Competition
The popularity of lawn tennis peaked in Great Britain in the
mid-1930s, and by 1940 everything had changed. World War
II was upon Europe, and gone were carefree afternoons spent
on country estates. It marked the end of the golden era of
British tennis, which was to be replaced by yet another revo-
lution in the game: the development of international tennis
competition.
By the 1920s the International Tennis Federation (ITF)
stimulated this development by designating sites of interna-
tional championships in Europe, the United States, and Aus-
tralia. These Grand Slam events, eventually aided by television
coverage, showcased the top stars of the game, and tennis
became identified by the elite who battled it out for the cham-
pionships at the majors: Wimbledon, Roland Garros, New York
City, and Melbourne. Each event has its own unique person-
ality and stories.2
Wimbledon
Not long after Perera and Gem laid out the first lawn tennis
court in their back yard, private clubs formed throughout
England and competitions were organized. One such cham-
pionship meet was conducted in 1877 on a four-acre plot off
Worple Road in Wimbledon, about eight miles (12.9 km)
outside of central London. The evolution of tennis as an inter-
national competitive sport was underway.
Spencer William Gore won that first Wimbledon tour-
nament, organized by the All England Croquet and Lawn
Tennis Club. Gore achieved victory by employing the unusual
--and now illegal--strategy of leaning over and striking his op-
ponent's ball before it crossed the net. (It wasn't until six years
later that a women's competition was added; Maud Watson
took the singles title.)
It was the second Wimbledon, held the next year, that
really captured the public's attention. Gore returned to defend
his crown against Frank Hadow, who had just come back from
his regular job of planting tea in Ceylon and who had taken up
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6 Tennisology
the sport of lawn tennis only a few weeks earlier. Hadow took
the first two sets (7-5, 6-1) but tired as things became tight in
the third. He found new life, though, by sailing the ball high
over Gore's head. He took the third set 9-7 to win the title--
and invented the lob in the process. Afterward, Hadow re-
turned to Ceylon, never to compete at Wimbledon again, and
Gore went back to his favorite sport: cricket.1
French Open
Across the Channel, tournaments that formed in the 1890s
were precursors of the French Open. In 1925 the ITF desig-
nated the annual competition at the Stade Roland Garros, just
off the Bois de Boulogne in Paris, to be a major championship.
Here the competition was altogether different from that at
Wimbledon because the tournament was played on a court
surface that the gentry of Victorian England would have found
insufferable: dirt, or, more accurately, terre battue ("red clay").
The surface of this court is a thin layer of brick and tile powder
covering three inches (7.6 cm) of white limestone, which for
the past 100 years has come from the same quarry at Saint-
Maximin, north of Paris.
In addition to sticking to shoes and socks, the red clay slows
the bounce of the ball and causes it to rise higher, thus accen-
tuating the effect of topspin. Players who pounded powerful
shots from the baseline and played a strong defensive game
found this surface in Paris more to their liking than did those
who relied on an aggressive serve-and-volley style.
Incidentally, Roland Garros (1888-1918) was not a tennis
player but rather was a celebrated French aviator and World
War I fighter pilot. He initially gained fame for being the first
to fly nonstop across the Mediterranean Sea from southern
France to Tunisia. Later, during the war, he developed a way
to use metal deflector wedges to fire a machine gun forward
from a fighter plane without damaging the propeller. (Before
that time the usual approach was to take shots at the enemy
plane with a rifle or revolver.) For these feats as well as his
faithful attendance at the French Open when he was a student
in Paris, the tennis center was named for him in 1920.
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Evolution of the Sport 7
U.S. Open
The United States Tennis Association was created in 1881 and
held its first national championship that same year on the grass
courts of The Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. In 1915 the
U.S. Open moved to the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills,
New York, where it stayed for 63 years before moving to its
current home at Flushing Meadows in Queens. The acrylic
hard surface, which is fast and promotes a low bounce of the
ball, is more attractive to players with a serve-and-volley style.
Old-time tennis fans cannot help but remember the deafening
roar of the wide-body jets as they used runway 13/31 at
nearby LaGuardia Airport, sometimes as often as once a
minute, and coursed directly over the tennis center during the
Open. Somebody once said that this regular cacophony
bothered only the players who were losing. Now all is quieter
because air traffic controllers divert aircraft traffic to other pat-
terns during the Open when weather conditions permit.
Australian Open
The fourth of the Grand Slam events, the Australian Open in
Melbourne, was designated a major championship by the ITF
in 1924. However, due to its remote location, it took some
years before this tournament assumed an international flavor.
At the time the tournament became sanctioned, it normally
took more than a month and a half to reach Australia from
Europe by boat. When Don Budge became the first player to
achieve what was called a grand slam (defined as winning all
four international championships in one year) in 1938, the sea
journey from San Francisco to Melbourne lasted 21 days. It
wasn't until 1946 that players arrived by air. The tournament
down under turned high profile thanks to the development of
jet airliners and international television coverage.
The courts at the Australian Open were originally grass, but
the tournament changed to a hard court surface (Rebound
Ace) when it found its current home at Melbourne Park in
1988. In 2008, this was replaced by an acrylic hard surface,
which is similar to that used at the U.S. Open.
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[Cuối tài liệu]
Index 191
functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Hughes, Mike 126
uses 35-36, 41, 155, 159. See Hurtado, Patty 4
also brain hydration 139, 143-146, 149-150. See also
G dehydration
Galloway, Stuart 142 I
Gallwey, Timothy 176 imagery. See visual skills and techniques
Garros, Roland 6 imaging techniques, brain 35-36, 41, 46-47
Gem, Harry 1, 5 Imfield, Anthony 47
genes 50-53, 53f, 55, 61-62, 70. See also implicit learning and teaching 35-38
Infinite Jest xi
nature injuries
Gilbert, Brad 179
Girard, Oliver 132 court surface factors 124, 125-126
Gleick, James 9 racket factors 116, 117, 118, 119, 123
glucose and glycogen 135, 138, 139 training factors 32, 68, 79, 84, 148,
glycolysis and anaerobic fitness 60,
152, 164
135-137 Inner Game of Tennis, The 176
goal-driven training and performance 170, International Tennis Federation (ITF) 5-7,
171-172, 174 118, 129-130
Goodyear, Charles 12 International Tennis Hall of Fame 8
Gore, Spencer William 5-6 intrinsic factors of tennis competition
Gould, Dan 75, 167
Graf, Steffi 11 153-154
Grand Slam championships 5-7. See also inventors who impacted tennis 11-13
Isner, John 106, 107t, 128, 131, 132p
individual events J
grass courts 123, 124, 126, 127p, 133, Jack Kramer wooden racket 115, 116, 117,
147. See also Wimbledon 118
gravity 96-97 Jackson, Robin 156
Great Britain. See British influence on tennis Jamison, Steve 179
grip 122-123, 148 Jancke, Lutz 40, 41, 42
Groppel, Jack 108, 123 jeu de paume ix, 4
Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich 178 Johansson, Joachim 107t
H Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and
Hadow, Frank 5-6
Hall, Craig 164 Physical Activity 159
Hamill, Joseph 106-107 Jui-Hung Tu 112
Hanggi, Jurgen 47 junior players. See youth athletes
hard courts 123, 124, 126, 133 K
Harter, Noble 33, 37 Karlovic, Ivo 105p, 106, 107t
Har-Tru 123, 124-125 Kleim, Jeffrey 39
Hawk-Eye 129-130 Knaepen, Kristel 45
Head, Howard 12-13 Kournikova, Anna 90
heat and sport performance 141-146, Kovacs, Mark 147, 148
Kramer, Jack 8. See also Jack Kramer
149-150, 152
Hebb's Law 39 wooden racket
Helsen, Werner 85, 86 L
Henin, Justine 11 late maturers 78, 85-86. See also multi-
heredity. See nature
Hewitt, Lleyton 9 lateral approach to development
hierarchical learning 34-37 laterality errors 102-103
High Tech Tennis 123 lawn tennis 1-3, 5, 12
history of tennis laws of motion, Newton's 96-97, 102-103
Lehrer, Jonah 26, 38
art exhibition 1-3 Lenglen, Suzanne 3p
Grand Slam events 5-7 Leuven Tennis Performance Test 139
roots and evolution of the game ix, 1-4, Lichtman, Jeff 44
life lessons and tennis. See court lessons for
8-11
technological advances 11-13 life
holistic approach 74, 78-81, 79f, 82-83, Li Na 11
line calls 127-130
82p, 84. See also player devel- Lisicki, Sabine 158p
opment lob 6
Hornery, Daniel 133
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192 Index
Lorenz, Konrad 19 BDNF levels 44-45, 59
losses 26-28. See also errors competence motivational theory 172
love 4 elites 63, 172
M young athletes 77-78, 81, 89, 164, 168,
Magal, Meir 143
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies 169-170
motor learning and performance. See also
35-37, 39-40, 41-42, 155, 159
Mahut, Nicholas 106, 131, 132p brain
Malina, Bob 85, 87 adaptations to tennis practice 30-32,
margins for error. See window of acceptance
match mind-set 33, 34
early research 33-34
analyzing match play 179, 180t fundamental motor skills 73, 74, 78-79,
choking 162-163, 175-178
focus 169, 170p, 177, 178 79f
goal-driven training and performance genetics 59, 60
implicit v. explicit teaching 37-38
170, 171-172, 174 neurophysiological factors x, 39, 42-43,
mental skills and training 167-171,
154-159, 158p
170p, 173-175 phases of learning and overlearning
tempo of play 177-178
thinking and not thinking 175-180, 180t 34-37, 42, 77, 162, 163
match play characteristics 133-134 movement on the court 132, 133-134
Mather, George 128 multilateral approach to development 74,
Matthews, Paul M. 35-37
maturation considerations for developing 78-81, 79f, 82-83, 82p, 84. See also
player development
players 77-81, 79f, 85-86, 151-152 Murray, Andy 49
Maughan, Ron 142 muscles. See strength
McEnroe, John 24, 25p, 78, 102, 115, 121, myelin formation 45-48
N
124, 131 Nadal, Rafael 91, 92, 93, 133, 169, 171,
McEnroe, Patrick 28 172
McLoughlin, Maurice 8 Nadal, Toni 92
Mead, Tim 111 Nalbandian, David 9
mental imaging. See also visual skills and nature
argument for fixed potential 52-55, 53f
techniques concerns about the scientific basis
choking 162-163, 175-178
deliberate practice, adjunct to 163-164 70-71
effectiveness and optimization 159-161 evidence 55-61
support among coaches 164-165, 174 fitness genes 55, 61-62, 70
mental skills. See also psychological capacity gene make-up and functions 50-53, 53f
confidence 59, 86, 159, 168, 170-171, high and low responders 53, 70
personality and performance 17-20,
176
emotional control 19-20 171-173
focus 65, 131, 141, 164, 168, 169, power curves of training 53-55, 53f
psychological traits 58-59, 68, 173-175
170p, 172, 177, 178 nature v. nurture, overview of the debate
forward thinking 169
goal orientation 170, 171-172, 174 ix, 49-50, 50p. See also plasticity
mental toughness x-xi, 58-59, 68, 152, Nedelko, Violetta 157
negativity 173-174
159, 173-175 net heights over the years 8, 114
motivation 168, 169-170, 172 net play considerations 6, 110, 112, 116.
nature v. nurture 173-175
optimism 173-174 See also strokes
positive self-talk 168, 174, 177 neurons 42-43, 52. See also brain
mesomorphs 58 neurotransmitters 41, 55, 56, 141, 146.
metabolism. See energy for tennis play
mind-set. See match mind-set See also brain
mirror neurons x, 154-159, 158p Newport (Rhode Island) 7, 8
mitochondria 52 Newton, Isaac 95-97, 102-103
Monsaas, Judith 81-83 Nummela, Ari 140
Montaigne, Michel de 4 nurture. See also deliberate practice model
Moran, Aidan 174-175
Morejon, Sacra 91-92 argument for nurture 60-61, 62-67, 64f
motivation concerns about the scientific basis
68-70, 71
power curve of training 63-65, 64f
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Index 193
10,000 hours/10 years rule 64, 66-67, critical periods of development 77,
68, 76 133-134, 147-149, 151-152
nutrition 150-151 early specialization ix-x, 49, 50, 73-75,
Nybo, Lars 143 76-78, 83-84
O elites, analyses of success 49-50, 68,
observation technique x, 154-159, 158p 77-78, 81-83, 82p
offensive style of play
maturation considerations 77-81, 79f,
court surfaces impacting 6, 7, 124, 125, 85-86, 151-152
126, 127p
multilateral approach to development
evolution of playing style 8-9 74, 78-81, 79f, 82-83, 82p, 84
nature v. nurture 17-20
training needs 138, 147 play, deliberate v. free 79-80
officials 128-129 practice concepts 30-32, 33, 34, 37-38,
Olson, Robert 2
Oudejans, Raoul 177 62-70, 64f, 71, 76, 163-164
overgrips 123 psychological limits 58-59, 68, 77
oxygen. See aerobic fitness; O2 pyramid of development of athletic skill,
P Bompa 79f
pace of play 177-178 scientific evidence for acquisition of sport
Paes, Leander 11
Palmer, John 136 skills 81-83
parents playing styles. See styles of play
Pluim, Babette 146, 150
analyses of star tennis athletes 49-50, plyometric exercises 149
68, 77-78, 82-83 positioning on court 110, 114
positivity 168, 173-174
developmental track considerations 68, power curves of training 53-55, 53f, 63-65,
74, 75-76, 77-78, 80
64f
mental skills development 168 Praag, Henriette van 43
Paris 6, 11, 124, 125 practice. See deliberate practice model;
Pearce, Alan J. 40
percentage plays 103, 104, 108-109, 114 training
Perera, Augurio 1, 5 Preobrazhenskaya, Larisa 90
periodization 32, 73 professionalization of youth sports 74-75.
personality and performance 17-20,
See also youth athletes
171-173 psychological capacity. See also mental skills
phenotypes. See fitness
physics of tennis commitment 64, 68, 81, 83, 86, 152,
168
cross-court v. down the line 114
errors, reducing 100, 102-103 development 77, 80-81
Newton's laws of motion 95, 96-97 genetics 58-59, 68
returning 103, 110-114, 113t impacts x-xi, 63, 86
serving 103, 104-109, 105p, 107t, talent identification 86, 89, 169-170
pyramid of development of athletic skill,
108-109
spin 98-102, 99f, 101f, 108-109, 112, Bompa 79f
R
113, 113t racket-head speed 141, 148
tall players 102, 105-107, 105p, 107t rackets
physiological factors. See fitness
Pijpers, Rob 177 frame and grip considerations 115,
Pilc, A. 44 116-118, 119, 122-123
plasticity 31-33, 41-42. See also brain;
history 10, 12-13, 115, 116, 117, 118
training strings 119-122
play behaviors for children 79-80 sweet spots 12-13, 116, 117, 118
player development. See also training; youth Rankinen, Tuomo 62
Raonic, Milos 107t
athletes rating of perceived exertion 132, 145
academies, tennis 10-11, 69, 89-93 reaction time 11, 60, 112, 140, 141
biological maturation considerations "real tennis" 4, 12
Rebound Ace 7
77-81, 79f, 85-86, 151-152 recovery 32-33, 68, 137, 150-151
Bompa, Tudor 73-74, 78-81, 79f, 83-84 referees. See officials
competition 74-75, 80, 83-84, 153-154 rehearsal 176-177. See also visual skills
C�t� 3-stage development pattern 83
and techniques
Reid, Machar 28, 172
Reid, Michael 37-38
Reilly, Tom 136
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194 Index
repetition concepts 31, 32, 42, 63, 71. See court movement 132, 133-134, 137,
also implicit learning and teaching 140-141, 143, 147, 149
replay technology, video 129-130 racket-head speed 141, 148
resistance training 148, 152. See also serving 104, 105-107, 105p, 107t, 108
spin 98-102, 99f, 101f, 109, 113, 113t
strength sprint training 147, 149. See also speed
rest 32-33, 68, 137, 150-151 Stepanek, Radek 106
returning serve 110-114, 113t, 160 strength
ribonucleic acid (RNA) 51-52. See also energy supply 135-139, 150-151
genetics 52, 53, 59, 62
genes heat and performance 142, 143
Riessen, Marty viii muscle fatigue and soreness 132,
Rizzolatti, Giacomo 154
Robin, Nicolas 160 140-141
Roddick, Andy 28, 107t training needs and critical periods
Roetert, Paul 146, 147, 148
Roland Garros 6, 124, 125 133-134, 147-149, 152
Rowland, Thomas vii strings 119-122. See also rackets
rules of ten 64, 66-67, 68, 76 strokes. See also spin
running speed 132, 133-134, 137,
accuracy and velocity 132, 133, 137,
140-141, 143, 147, 149 140-141, 148, 149, 150
Rusedski, Greg 107t
Russian tennis 90, 93, 107t cross-court v. down-the-line 114
S styles of play
Safin, Marat 107t
Safran, Marc 146, 150 court surface impacts 6, 7, 124, 125,
sampling years 83 126, 127p, 147
Sampras, Pete 107, 121, 127p
Sanes, Joshua 44 evolution through history 8-9
self-discovery 35-38 personality link 17-20
self-talk 168, 174, 177 training considerations 134, 138, 147
Seligman, Martin 173-174 subconscious player. See automatic player
Senkowski, Ray vii, viii Sumner, Ann 2
serum lactate levels 136 support team for athletes 49-50, 65, 67,
serve-and-volley style. See also styles of
68, 69, 172
play sweating 142, 143, 152. See also heat and
court surfaces impacting 6, 7, 124, 125,
sport performance
126, 127p sweet spots 12-13, 116, 117, 118, 119
training needs 134, 138, 147 synapses 39-41, 52, 141
serving T
ball toss 109 Talent Code, The 47, 90
fatigue factors 132, 133, 134 talent identification 78, 84-89, 169-170
first-serve percentage 104, 108-109 task-involved player 171-172
records 106, 131 technology
tallness and serving advantages 102,
inventions and modernization of tennis
105-107, 105p, 107t 11-13, 115
techniques 105-109
visual imitation and imaging 156, line calls 127-130
racket frames and grip 12-13, 115-119,
157-158, 160
Shim, Jaeho 112 122-123
shots. See strokes strings 119-122
Shvedova, Yaroslava 169 temperament. See personality and per-
skill development. See strokes; training
slice shot 101-102, 101f, 113, 113t formance
Smekal, Gerhard 138 tempo of play 177-178
sociology and culture 1-3 tennis. See also court lessons for life; history
somatotype 58, 68
Spanish tennis player-development programs of tennis
mimicking life vii, viii, ix, 1-3, 9, 11
91-92, 93 popularity and participation trends ix,
specialized training. See early specialization;
10-11, 16-17
multilateral approach to development terminology 4
speed Tennis Anatomy 148
Tennis Channel 11
tennis elbow 117
10,000 hours/10 years of training rule 64,
66-67, 68, 76
terminology of the game 4
terre battue 6, 124, 125
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Index 195
thermoregulation 149, 152. See also heat V
and sport performance Venturi, Daniel 95
Verdasco, Fernando 107t
thinking Vergauwen, Lieven 139, 150
choking 162-163, 175-178 video replay technology 129-130
focus 169, 170p, 177, 178 videos for training 155, 157
motor learning process 25-26, 34-37, visual skills and techniques
42, 96
positively v. negatively 173-174, 177, anticipation and tracking 52, 112, 113
180t mental imaging 159-165, 174, 175-178
thinking player v. automatic player 22, rehearsal 176-177
23, 34-37, 162, 163, 175-178 visual imitation x, 154-159, 158p
what to think during match play O2 55, 56-57, 137-139. See also aerobic
178-179, 180t
fitness
Tippet, Melissa 144 volleys 112, 116. See also net play consid-
topspin
erations
clay courts 6, 125 vulcanization 12
physics 99-101, 99f, 122 W
serving and returning 102, 109-110, Wales, Prince of 4
Wallace, David Foster xi, 9, 178
113, 113t Watson, Maud 5
tracking, visual 52 weight loss 143-144, 149-150
training. See also deliberate practice model; weight training 148, 152. See also strength
Weinberg, Robert 159
fitness; player development Weiss, Maureen 168
academies, tennis 10-11, 69, 89-93 West Side Tennis Club 7
adaptations to practice 30-32, 33, 34, Whitney, David 129
Williams, Richard 78
51, 53, 70, 88-89 Williams, Serena 49-50, 50p, 78
anti-fatigue strategies 146-149, 151 Williams, Venus 49-50, 50p, 78
burnout 32, 68, 79, 164, 172 Wilson Jack Kramer wooden racket 115,
critical periods of development 77,
116, 117, 118
151-152 Wimbledon. See also grass courts
duration of practice sessions 68
feedback 37-38, 65, 68, 111, 155, 165 history and organization vii, 5-6, 8, 91
goal orientation 170, 171-172, 174 modern era competitors and results 9,
heat acclimation 149
mental toughness 167-171, 173-175, 24, 25p, 82p, 105, 131, 132p,
168-169
176-177 playing styles 6, 8-9, 126, 127p
motor learning processes 31, 33-38 window of acceptance. See also strokes
periodization 32, 73 groundstrokes 100, 101, 102-103
plyometric exercises 149 serving 104-105, 108, 109
power law of training 53-55 Winning Ugly 179
recovery 32-33, 68, 137, 150-151 women's history of participation 2-3, 5
repetition concepts 31, 32, 42, 63, 71 Wright, Michael 156
10,000 hours/10 years rule 64, 66-67, Y
youth athletes. See also player development;
68, 76 talent identification
time and duration of practice 33, 68 biological maturation considerations
visual imitation and imaging ix, x, 77-81, 79f, 85-86, 151-152
early specialization ix-x, 49, 50, 73-75,
154-159, 158p, 160-165 76-78, 83-84
Tu, Jui-Hung 112 mental skills 77, 157-158, 160, 161,
twins 49, 56, 57, 60 168
U professionalization 74-75
uncertainty, a court lesson 15-17 Z
underspin 101-102, 101f, 113, 113t Zoladz, Jerzy 44
Ungerleider, Leslie 42
Unierzyski, Piotr 170
United States Tennis Association (USTA)
7, 10-11, 88, 90-91, 145
U.S. Open 7, 171
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Thomas Rowland is a pediatric cardiologist at Baystate
Medical Center in Springfield, Massachusetts. He serves as a
professor of pediatrics at Tufts University School of Medicine
and was an adjunct professor of exercise science at the Uni-
versity of Massachusetts.
Rowland is the author of two books: Children's Exercise Phys-
iology, Second Edition, and The Athlete's Clock. He has served as
editor of the journal Pediatric Exercise Science and president of
the North American Society for Pediatric Exercise Medicine
(NASPEM) and was on the board of trustees of the American
College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). He is past president of the
New England chapter of the ACSM and received the ACSM
Honor Award in 1993.
Rowland is a competitive tennis player and distance runner.
He and his wife, Margot, reside in Longmeadow, Massachu-
setts.
196
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