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Tóm tắt nội dung (trích từ tài liệu gốc): Tennis Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single Tennis opponent (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles). Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent's court. The object of the game is to maneuver the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return. The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while the opposite player will. Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society an
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Tennis
Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single Tennis
opponent (singles) or between two teams of two players each
(doubles). Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to
strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and
into the opponent's court. The object of the game is to maneuver the
ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return.
The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while
the opposite player will.
Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at A tennis match at Wimbledon's Centre Court
all ages. The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket, (2007)
including wheelchair users. The modern game of tennis originated in
Birmingham, England, in the late 19th century as lawn tennis.[1] It Highest International Tennis
had close connections both to various field (lawn) games such as governing body Federation
croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport today called real
tennis. During most of the 19th century, in fact, the term tennis First played Between 1859 and 1865,
referred to real tennis, not lawn tennis: for example, in Disraeli's novel Birmingham, England
Sybil (1845), Lord Eugene De Vere announces that hewill "go down to
Hampton Court and play tennis."[2] Characteristics
The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s. Two Contact No
exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot
on the ground at all times, and the adoption of the tiebreak in the Team members Singles or doubles
1970s. A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption
of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge Mixed gender Yes, separate tours & mixed
system, which allows a player to contest the line call of a point, a Type doubles
system known as Hawk-Eye.
Outdoor or indoor
Tennis is played by millions of recreational players and is also a
popular worldwide spectator sport. The four Grand Slam tournaments Equipment Tennis ball, tennis racket
(also referred to as the Majors) are especially popular: the Australian
Open played on hard courts, the French Open played on red clay Venue tennis court
courts, Wimbledon played on grass courts, and the US Open also Glossary Glossary of tennis
played on hard courts.
Presence
Contents
Country Worldwide
History or region
Predecessors part of Summer Olympic
Origins of the modern game Olympic programme from 1896 to
1924
Equipment Demonstration sport in the
Rackets 1968 and 1984 Summer
Balls Olympics
Miscellaneous Part of Summer Olympic
programme since 1988
Manner of play
Paralympic part of Summer Paralympic
programme since 1992
Court
Play of a single point
Scoring
Rule variations
Officials
Junior tennis
Match play
Continuity
Ball changes
On-court coaching
Shots
Grip
Serve
Forehand
Backhand
Other shots
Injuries
Tournaments
Grand Slam tournaments
Men's tournament structure
Women's tournament structure
Players
Professional players
Grand Slam tournament winners
Greatest male players
Greatest female players
In popular culture
See also
References
Further reading
External links
History
Predecessors
Historians believe that the game's ancient origin lay in 12th century northern
France, where a ball was struck with the palm of the hand.[3] Louis X of France
was a keen player of jeu de paume ("game of the palm"), which evolved into real
tennis, and became notable as the first person to construct indoor tennis courts in
the modern style. Louis was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly
had indoor, enclosed courts made in Paris "around the end of the 13th century".[4]
In due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe.[4] In June
1316 at Vincennes, Val-de-Marne and following a particularly exhausting game, Jeu de paume in the 17th century
Louis drank a large quantity of cooled wine and subsequently died of either
pneumonia or pleurisy, although there was also suspicion of poisoning.[5] Because
of the contemporary accounts of his death, Louis X is history's first tennis player known by name.[5] Another of the early enthusiasts
of the game was KingCharles V of France, who had a court set up at theLouvre Palace.[6]
It wasn't until the 16th century that rackets came into use, and the game began to be called "tennis", from the French term tenez,
which can be translated as "hold!", "receive!" or "take!", an interjection used as a call from the server to his opponent.[7] It was
popular in England and France, although the game was only played indoors where the ball could be hit off the wall. Henry VIII of
England was a big fan of this game, which is now known as real tennis.[8] During the 18th and early 19th centuries, as real tennis
declined, new racket sports emegr ed in England.[9]
Further, the patenting of the first lawn mower in 1830, in Britain, is strongly believed to have been the catalyst, worldwide, for the
preparation of modern-style grass courts, sporting ovals, playing fields, pitches, greens, etc. This in turn led to the codification of
modern rules for many sports, including lawn tennis, most football codes, lawn bowls and other[1s0. ]
Origins of the modern game
Between 1859 and 1865 Harry Gem and his friend Augurio Perera developed a game that
combined elements of racquets and the Basque ball game pelota, which they played on
Perera's croquet lawn in Birmingham, England, United Kingdom.[11][12] In 1872, along with
two local doctors, they founded the world's first tennis club on Avenue Road, Leamington
Spa.[13]
In December 1873, British army officer Major Walter Clopton Wingfield designed and Augurio Perera's house in
patented a similar game ;� which he called sphairistik� (Greek: , meaning "ball- Edgbaston, Birmingham,
playing"), and was soon known simply as "sticky" � for the amusement of guests at a garden where he and Harry Gem
party on his friend's estate of Nantclwyd Hall, in Llanelidan, Wales.[14] According to R. D. C. first played the modern
Evans, turfgrass agronomist, "Sports historians all agree that [Wingfield] deserves much of the game of lawn tennis
credit for the development of modern tennis."[9][15] According to Honor Godfrey, museum
curator at Wimbledon, Wingfield "popularized this game enormously. He produced a boxed
set which included a net, poles, rackets, balls for playing the game � and most importantly you
had his rules. He was absolutely terrific at marketing and he sent his game all over the world.
He had very good connections with the clergy, the law profession, and the aristocracy and he
sent thousands of sets out in the first year or so, in 1874."[16] The world's oldest tennis
tournament, the Wimbledon Championships, were first played in London in 1877.[16][17] The
first Championships culminated a significant debate on how to standardize the rule[s1.6]
In the U.S. in 1874 Mary Ewing Outerbridge, a young socialite, returned from
Bermuda with a sphairistik� set. She became fascinated by the game of tennis after
watching British army officers play.[18] She laid out a tennis court at the Staten
Island Cricket Club at Camp Washington, Tompkinsville, Staten Island, New York.
The first American National championship was played there in September 1880. An
Englishman named O.E. Woodhouse won the singles title, and a silver cup worth
$100, by defeating Canadian I. F. Hellmuth.[19] There was also a doubles match
which was won by a local pair. There were different rules at each club. The ball in
Lawn tennis in the U.S., 1887 Boston was larger than the one normally used in New York. On 21 May 1881, the
United States National Lawn Tennis Association (now the United States Tennis
Association) was formed to standardize the rules and organize competitions.[20] The
U.S. National Men's Singles Championship, now the US Open, was first held in 1881 at the Newport Casino, Newport, Rhode
Island.[21] The U.S. National Women's Singles Championships were first held in 1887 inPhiladelphia.[22]
Tennis also became popular in France, where the French Championshipsdates to 1891 although until 1925 it was open only to tennis
players who were members of French clubs.[23] Thus, Wimbledon, the US Open, the French Open, and the Australian Open (dating
to 1905) became and have remained the most prestigious events in tennis.[17][24] Together these four events are called the Majors or
Slams (a term borrowed frombridge rather than baseball).[25]
The comprehensive rules
promulgated in 1924 by the
International Lawn Tennis
Federation, now known as the
International Tennis Federation
Lawn tennis in Canada, ca. 1900 (ITF), have remained largely stable
in the ensuing eighty years, the one
major change being the addition of
the tiebreak system designed by Tennis doubles final at 1896 Olympic
Jimmy Van Alen.[26] That same year, tennis withdrew from the Olympics after the Games
1924 Games but returned 60 years later as a 21-and-under demonstration event in
1984. This reinstatement was credited by the efforts by the then ITF President
Philippe Chatrier, ITF General Secretary David Gray and ITF Vice President Pablo Llorens, and support from IOC President Juan
Antonio Samaranch. The success of the event was overwhelming and the IOC decided to reintroduce tennis as a full medal sport at
Seoul in 1988.[27][28]
The Davis Cup, an annual competition between men's national teams, dates to
1900.[29] The analogous competition for women's national teams, the Fed Cup, was
founded as the Federation Cup in 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the
founding of the ITF.[30]
In 1926, promoter C. C. Pyle established the first professional tennis tour with a
group of American and French tennis players playing exhibition matches to paying
audiences.[24][31] The most notable of these early professionals were the American
Vinnie Richards and the Frenchwoman Suzanne Lenglen.[24][32] Once a player
turned pro he or she was no longer permitted to compete in the major (amateur) International Tennis Hall of Fame at
tournaments.[24] the Newport Casino
In 1968, commercial pressures and rumors of some amateurs taking money under
the table led to the abandonment of this distinction, inaugurating the Open Era, in
which all players could compete in all tournaments, and top players were able to make their living from tennis. With the beginning of
the Open Era, the establishment of an international professional tennis circuit, and revenues from the sale of television rights, tennis's
popularity has spread worldwide, and the sport has shed its middle-class English-speaking image[33] (although it is acknowledged
that this stereotype still exists)[.33][34]
In 1954, Van Alen founded the International Tennis Hall of Fame, a non-profit museum in Newport, Rhode Island.[35] The building
contains a large collection of tennis memorabilia as well as a hall of fame honouring prominent members and tennis players from all
over the world. Each year, a grass court tournament and an induction ceremony honoring new Hall of Fame members are hosted on
its grounds.
Equipment
Part of the appeal of tennis stems from the simplicity of equipment required for play.
Beginners need only aracket and balls.
Rackets Wooden racket - c. 1920s
The components of a tennis racket include a handle, known as the grip, connected to
a neck which joins a roughly elliptical frame that holds a matrix of tightly pulled
strings. For the first 100 years of the modern game, rackets were made of wood and
of standard size, and strings were of animal gut. Laminated wood construction
yielded more strength in rackets used through most of the 20th century until first metal and then composites of carbon graphite,
ceramics, and lighter metals such as titanium were introduced. These stronger materials enabled the production of oversized rackets
that yielded yet more power. Meanwhile, technology led to the use of synthetic strings that match the feel of gut yet with added
durability.
Under modern rules of tennis, the rackets must adhere to the following
guidelines;[36]
The hitting area, composed of the strings, must be flat and generally Racket of Franjo Puncec in a
uniform. wooden frame - late 1930s
The frame of the hitting area may not be more than 29 inches (74 cm) in
length and 12.5 inches (32 cm) in width.
The entire racket must be of a fixed shape, size, weight, and weight
distribution. There may not be any energy source built into the rackets.
The rackets must not provide any kind of communication, instruction or
advice to the player during the match.
The rules regarding rackets have changed over time, as material and engineering
advances have been made. For example, the maximum length of the frame had been
32 inches (81 cm) until 1997, when it was shortened to 29 inches (74 cm[)3.7]
Many companies manufacture and distribute tennis rackets. Wilson, Head and Babolat are some of the more commonly used brands;
however, many more companies exist. The same companies sponsor players to use these rackets in the hopes that the company name
will become more well known by the public.
Balls
Tennis balls were originally made of cloth strips stitched together with thread and
stuffed with feathers.[38] Modern tennis balls are made of hollow vulcanized rubber
with a felt coating. Traditionally white, the predominant colour was gradually
changed to optic yellow in the latter part of the 20th century to allow for improved
visibility. Tennis balls must conform to certain criteria for size, weight, deformation,
and bounce to be approved for regulation play. The International Tennis Federation
(ITF) defines the official diameter as 65.41�68.58 mm (2.575�2.700 in). Balls must A tennis racket and balls.
weigh between 56.0 and 59.4 g (1.98 and 2.10 oz).[39] Tennis balls were
traditionally manufactured in the United States and Europe. Although the process of
producing the balls has remained virtually unchanged for the past 100 years, the majority of manufacturing now takes place in the Far
East. The relocation is due to cheaperlabour costs and materials in the region[.40]
Miscellaneous
Advanced players improve their performance through a number of accoutrements. Vibration dampeners may be interlaced in the
proximal part of the string array for improved feel. Racket handles may be customized with absorbent or rubber-like materials to
improve the players' grip. Players often use sweat bands on their wrists to keep their hands dry and head bands or bandanas to keep
the sweat out of their eyes as well. Finally, although the game can be played in a variety of shoes, specialized tennis shoes have wide,
flat soles for stability and a built-up front structure to avoid excess wea. r
Manner of play
Court
Tennis is played on a rectangular, flat surface. The court is 78 feet (23.77 m) long,
and 27 feet (8.2 m) wide for singles matches and 36 ft (11 m) for doubles
matches.[41] Additional clear space around the court is required in order for players
to reach overrun balls. A net is stretched across the full width of the court, parallel
with the baselines, dividing it into two equal ends. It is held up by either a metal
cable or cord that can be no more than 0.8 cm (1/3 in).[42] The net is 3 feet 6 inches
(1.07 m) high at the posts and 3 feet (0.91 m) high in the cente.[r41] The net posts are
3 feet (0.91 m) outside the doubles court on each side or, for a singles net, 3 feet
(0.91 m) outside the singles court on each side.
The modern tennis court owes its design to Major Walter Clopton Wingfield. In
1873, Wingfield patented a court much the same as the current one for his stick�
tennis (sphairistike). This template was modified in 1875 to the court design that
exists today, with markings similar to Wingfield's version, but with the hourglass
shape of his court changed to a rectangle[.43]
Tennis is unusual in that it is played on a variety of surfaces.[44] Grass, clay, and
hardcourts of concrete or asphalt topped with acrylic are the most common.
Occasionally carpet is used for indoor play, with hardwood flooring having been
historically used. Artificial turf courts can also be found.
Lines
The lines that delineate the width of the court are called the baseline (farthest back) The dimensions of atennis court
and the service line (middle of the court). The short mark in the center of each
baseline is referred to as either the hash mark or the center mark. The outermost
lines that make up the length are called the doubles sidelines. These are the
boundaries used when doubles is being played. The lines to the inside of the doubles
sidelines are the singles sidelines and are used as boundaries in singles play. The
area between a doubles sideline and the nearest singles sideline is called the doubles
alley, which is considered playable in doubles play. The line that runs across the
center of a player's side of the court is called the service line because the serve must
be delivered into the area between the service line and the net on the receiving side.
Despite its name, this is not where a player legally stands when making a serv[e4.5]
Two players before aserve
The line dividing the service line in two is called the center line or center service
line. The boxes this center line creates are called the service boxes; depending on a
player's position, he or she will have to hit the ball into one of these when serving.[46] A ball is out only if none of it has hit the line
or the area inside the lines upon its first bounce. All lines are required to be between 1 and 2 inches (25 and 51 mm) in width, with
the exception of the baseline which can be up to 4 inches (100 mm) wide (although in practice it is often created the same width as
the rest).[45]
Play of a single point
The players (or teams) start on opposite sides of the net. One player is designated the server, and the opposing player is the receiver.
The choice to be server or receiver in the first game and the choice of ends is decided by a coin toss before the warm-up starts.
Service alternates game by game between the two players (or teams). For each point, the server starts behind the baseline, between
the center mark and the sideline. The receiver may start anywhere on their side of the net. When the receiver is ready, the server will
serve, although the receiver must play to the pace of the serve.r
In a legal service, the ball travels over the net (without touching it) and into the diagonally opposite service box. If the ball hits the
net but lands in the service box, this is a let or net service, which is void, and the server retakes that serve. The player can serve any
number of let services in a point and they are always treated as voids and not as faults. A fault is a serve that falls long or wide of the
service box, or does not clear the net. There is also a "foot fault", which occurs when a player's foot touches the baseline or an
extension of the center mark before the ball is hit. If the second service is also a fault, the server double faults, and the receiver wins
the point. However, if the serve is in, it is considered a legal service.
A legal service starts arally, in which the players alternate hitting the ball across the net. A legal return consists of the player or team
hitting the ball before it has bounced twice or hit any fixtures except the net, provided that it still falls in the server's court. A player
or team cannot hit the ball twice in a row. The ball must travel past the net into the other players' court. A ball that hits the net during
a rally is still considered a legal return as long as it crosses into the opposite side of the court. The first player or team to fail to make
a legal return loses the point. The server then moves to the other side of the service line at the start of a new poi[n4t7.]
Scoring
Game, set, match
Game
A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving. A game is won by the first player to have won at least
four points in total and at least two points more than the opponent. The running score of each game is described in a manner peculiar
to tennis: scores from zero to three points are described as "love", "15", "30", and "40", respectively. If at least three points have been
scored by each player, making the player's scores equal at 40 apiece, the score is not called out as "40-40", but rather as "deuce". If at
least three points have been scored by each side and a player has one more point than his opponent, the score of the game is
"advantage" for the player in the lead. During informal games, "advantage" can also be called "ad in" or "van in" when the serving
player is ahead, and "ad out" or "van out" when the receiving player is ahead.
The score of a tennis game during play is always read with the serving player's score
first. In tournament play, the chair umpire calls the point count (e.g., "15-love") after
each point. At the end of a game, the chair umpire also announces the winner of the
game and the overall score.
Set
A set consists of a sequence of games played with service alternating between
games, ending when the count of games won meets certain criteria. Typically, a The scoreboard of a match between
player wins a set by winning at least six games and at least two games more than the Andy Roddick and Cyril Saulnier.
opponent. If one player has won six games and the opponent five, an additional
game is played. If the leading player wins that game, the player wins the set 7�5. If
the trailing player wins the game (tying the set 6�6) a tie-break is played. A tie-
break, played under a separate set of rules, allows one player to win one more game and thus the set, to give a final set score of 7�6.
A "love" set means that the loser of the set won zero games, colloquially termed a 'jam donut' in the USA.[48] In tournament play, the
chair umpire announces the winner of the set and the overall score. The final score in sets is always read with the winning player's
score first, e.g. "6�2, 4�6, 6�0, 7�5".
Match
A match consists of a sequence of sets. The outcome is determined through a best of three or five sets system. On the professional
circuit, men play best-of-five-set matches at all four Grand Slam tournaments, Davis Cup, and the final of the Olympic Games and
best-of-three-set matches at all other tournaments, while women play best-of-three-set matches at all tournaments. The first player to
win two sets in a best-of-three, or three sets in a best-of-five, wins the match.[49] Only in the final sets of matches at the Australian
Open, the French Open, Wimbledon, the Olympic Games, Davis Cup (until 2015), and Fed Cup are tie-breaks not played. In these
cases, sets are played indefinitely until one player has a two-game lead, leading to somreemarkably long matches.
In tournament play, the chair umpire announces the end of the match with the well-known phrase "Game, set, match" followed by the
winning person's or team's name.
Special point terms
Game point
A game point occurs in tennis whenever the player who is in the lead in the game needs only one more point to win the game. The
terminology is extended to sets (set point), matches (match point), and even championships (championship point). For example, if the
player who is serving has a score of 40-love, the player has a triple game point (triple set point, etc.) as the player has three
consecutive chances to win the game. Game points, set points, and match points are not part of official scoring and are not announced
by the chair umpire in tournament play.
Break point
A break point occurs if the receiver, not the server, has a chance to win the game with the next point. Break points are of particular
importance because serving is generally considered advantageous, with servers being expected to win games in which they are
serving. A receiver who has one (score of 30�40 or advantage), two (score of 15�40) or three (score of love-40) consecutive chances
to win the game has break point, double break point or triple break point, respectively. If the receiver does, in fact, win their break
point, the game is awarded to the receive,rand the receiver is said to haveconverted their break point. If the receiver fails to win their
break point it is called a failure to convert. Winning break points, and thus the game, is also referred to as breaking serve, as the
receiver has disrupted, or broken the natural advantage of the server. If in the following game the previous server also wins a break
point it is referred to asbreaking back. Except wheretie-breaks apply, at least one break of serve is required to win a set.
Rule variations
No ad
From 'No advantage'. Scoring method created by Jimmy Van Alen. The first player or
doubles team to win four points wins the game, regardless of whether the player or team is
ahead by two points. When the game score reaches three points each, the receiver chooses
which side of the court (advantage court or deuce court) the service is to be delivered on the
seventh and game-deciding point. Utilized by World Team Tennis professional competition,
ATP tours, WTA tours, ITF Pro Doubles and ITF Junior Doubles.[50][51]
Pro set
Instead of playing multiple sets, players may play one "pro set". A pro set is first to 8 (or 10)
games by a margin of two games, instead of first to 6 games. A 12-point tie-break is usually
played when the score is 8�8 (or 10�10). These are often played with no-ad scoring.
Match tie-break
This is sometimes played instead of a third set. A match tie-break (also called super tie-
break) is played like a regular tie-break, but the winner must win ten points instead of seven.
Match tie-breaks are used in the Hopman Cup, Grand Slams (excluding Wimbledon) and the
Olympic Games for mixed doubles; on the ATP (since 2006), WTA (since 2007) and ITF
(excluding four Grand Slam tournaments and the Davis Cup) tours for doubles and as a
player's choice in USTA league play.
Fast4
Fast4 is a shortened format that offers a "fast" alternative, with four points, four games and
four rules: there are no advantage scores, lets are played, tie-breakers apply at three games
all and the first to four games wins the set.
Another, however informal, tennis format is called Canadian doubles. This involves three players, with one person playing a doubles
team. The single player gets to utilize the alleys normally reserved only for a doubles team. Conversely, the doubles team does not
use the alleys when executing a shot. The scoring is the same as a regular game. This format is not sanctioned by anyfiocfial body.
"Australian doubles", another informal and unsanctioned form of tennis, is played with similar rules to the Canadian doubles style,
only in this version, players rotate court position after each game. As such, each player plays doubles and singles over the course of a
match, with the singles player always serving. Scoring styles vary, but one popular method is to assign a value of 2 points to each
game, with the server taking both points if he or she holds serve and the doubles team each taking one if they break serve.
Wheelchair tennis can be played by able-bodied players as well as people who require a wheelchair for mobility. An extra bounce is
permitted. This rule makes it possible to have mixed wheelchair and able-bodied matches. It is possible for a doubles team to consist
of a wheelchair player and an able-bodied player (referred to as "one-up, one-down"), or for a wheelchair player to play against an
able-bodied player. In such cases, the extra bounce is permitted for the wheelchair users only.
Officials
In most professional play and some amateur competition, there is an officiating head
judge or chair umpire (usually referred to as the umpire), who sits in a raised chair to
one side of the court. The umpire has absolute authority to make factual
determinations. The umpire may be assisted by line judges, who determine whether
the ball has landed within the required part of the court and who also call foot faults.
There also may be a net judge who determines whether the ball has touched the net
during service. The umpire has the right to overrule a line judge or a net judge if the
umpire is sure that a clear mistake has been made[5. 2]
In some tournaments, line judges who would be calling the serve, were assisted by An umpire informing two players of
the rules
electronic sensors that beeped to indicate the serve was out. This system was called
"Cyclops".[53] Cyclops has since largely been replaced by the Hawk-Eye
system.[54][55] In professional tournaments using this system, players are allowed
three unsuccessful appeals per set, plus one additional appeal in the tie-break to challenge close line calls by means of an electronic
review. The US Open, Miami Masters, US Open Series, and World Team Tennis started using this challenge system in 2006 and the
Australian Open and Wimbledon introduced the system in 2007.[56] In clay-court matches, such as at the French Open, a call may be
questioned by reference to the mark left by the ball's impact on the court surface.
The referee, who is usually located off the court, is the final authority about tennis rules. When called to the court by a player or team
captain, the referee may overrule the umpire's decision if the tennis rules were violated (question of law) but may not change the
umpire's decision on a question of fact. If, however, the referee is on the court during play, the referee may overrule the umpire's
decision (This would only happen in Davis Cup or Fed Cup matches, not at the World Group level, when a chair umpire from a non-
neutral country is in the chair)[.52]
Ball boys and girls may be employed to retrieve balls, pass them to the players, and hand players their towels. They have no
adjudicative role. In rare events (e.g., if they are hurt or if they have caused a hindrance), the umpire may ask them for a statement of
what actually happened. The umpire may consider their statements when making a decision. In some leagues, especially junior
leagues, players make their own calls, trusting each other to be honest. This is the case for many school and university level matches.
The referee or referee's assistant, however, can be called on court at a player's request, and the referee or assistant may change a
player's call. In unofficiated matches, a ball is outonly if the player entitled to make the call is sure that the ball is out.
Junior tennis
In tennis, a junior is a player under 18 who is still legally protected by a parent or guardian. Players on the main adult tour who are
under 18 must have documents signed by a parent or guardian. These players, howev,earre still eligible to play in junior tournaments.
The International Tennis Federation (ITF) conducts a junior tour that allows juniors to establish a world ranking and an Association
of Tennis Professionals (ATP) or Women's Tennis Association (WTA) ranking. Most juniors who enter the international circuit do so
by progressing through ITF, Satellite, Future, and Challenger tournaments before entering the main circuit. The latter three circuits
also have adults competing in them. Some juniors, however, such as Australian Lleyton Hewitt and Frenchman Ga�l Monfils, have
catapulted directly from the junior tour to the ATP tour by dominating the junior scene or by taking advantage of opportunities given
to them to participate in professional tournaments.
In 2004, the ITF implemented a new rankings scheme to encourage greater participation in doubles, by combining two rankings
(singles and doubles) into one combined tally.[57] Junior tournaments do not offer prize money except for the Grand Slam
tournaments, which are the most prestigious junior events. Juniors may earn income from tennis by participating in the Future,
Satellite, or Challenger tours. Tournaments are broken up into different tiers offering different amounts of ranking points, culminating
with Grade A.
Leading juniors are allowed to participate for their nation in the Junior Fed Cup and Davis Cup competitions. To succeed in tennis
often means having to begin playing at a young age. To facilitate and nurture a junior's growth in tennis, almost all tennis playing
nations have developed a junior development system. Juniors develop their play through a range of tournaments on all surfaces,
accommodating all different standards of play. Talented juniors may also receive sponsorships from governing bodies or private
institutions.
Match play
Continuity
Convention dictates that two players A tennis match is intended to be continuous[.58] Because stamina is a relevant facto,r
shake hands at the end of a match arbitrary delays are not permitted. In most cases, service is required to occur no
more than 20 seconds after the end of the previous point.[58] This is increased to 90
seconds when the players change ends (after every odd-numbered game), and a 2-
minute break is permitted between sets.[58] Other than this, breaks are permitted
only when forced by events beyond the players' control, such as rain, damaged
footwear, damaged racket, or the need to retrieve an errant ball. Should a player be
determined to be stalling repeatedly, the chair umpire may initially give a warning
followed by subsequent penalties of "point", "game", and default of the match for
the player who is consistently taking longer than the allowed time limi[t5.9]
In the event of a rain delay, darkness or other external conditions halting play, the match is resumed at a later time, with the same
score as at the time of the delay, and the players at the same end of the court when rain halted play, or at the same position (north or
south) if play is resumed on a diferent court.
Ball changes
Balls wear out quickly in serious play and, therefore, in ATP and WTA tournaments, they are changed after every nine games with
the first change occurring after only seven games, because the first set of balls is also used for the pre-match warm-up.[39] As a
courtesy to the receiver, the server will often signal to the receiver before the first serve of the game in which new balls are used as a
reminder that they are using new balls. However, in ITF tournaments like Fed Cup, the balls are changed in a 9�11 style. Continuity
of the balls' condition is considered part of the game, so if a re-warm-up is required after an extended break in play (usually due to
rain), then the re-warm-up is done using a separate set of balls, and use of the match balls is resumed only when play resumes.
On-court coaching
A recent rule change is to allow coaching on court on a limited basis during a match.[60][61][62][63] This has been introduced in
women's tennis forWTA Tour events in 2009 and allows the player to request her coach once per se[t6.4]
Shots
A competent tennis player has eight basic shots in his or her repertoire: the serve, forehand, backhand, volley, half-volley, overhead
smash, drop shot, and lob.
Grip
A grip is a way of holding the racket in order to hit shots during a match. The grip affects the angle of the racket face when it hits the
ball and influences the pace, spin, and placement of the shot. Players use various grips during play, including the Continental (The
"Handshake Grip"), Eastern (Can be either semi-eastern or full eastern. Usually used for backhands.), and Western (semi-western or
full western, usually for forehand grips) grips. Most players change grips during a match depending on what shot they are hitting; for
example, slice shots and serves call for a Continental grip[6.5]
Serve
A serve (or, more formally, a "service") in tennis is a shot to start a point. The serve is
initiated by tossing the ball into the air and hitting it (usually near the apex of its trajectory)
into the diagonally opposite service box without touching the net. The serve may be hit
under- or overhand although underhand serving remains a rarity.[66] If the ball hits the net
on the first serve and bounces over into the correct diagonal box then it is called a "let" and
the server gets two more additional serves to get it in. There can also be a let if the server
serves the ball and the receiver isn't prepared.[67] If the server misses his or her first serve
and gets a let on the second serve, then they get one more try to get the serve in the box.
Experienced players strive to master the conventional overhand serve to maximize its power Martina Navratilovafeatured
and placement. The server may employ different types of serve including flat serve, topspin on a Paraguayan stamp
serve, slice serve, and kick (American twist) serve. A reverse type of spin serve is hit in a
manner that spins the ball opposite the natural spin of the server, the spin direction
depending upon right- or left-handedness. If the ball is spinning counterclockwise, it will
curve right from the hitter's point of view and curve left if spinning clockwis[e6.8]
Some servers are content to use the serve simply to initiate the point; however, advanced players often try to hit a winning shot with
their serve. A winning serve that is not touched by the opponent is called an "ace".
Forehand
For a right-handed player, the forehand is a stroke that begins on the right side of the body, continues across the body as contact is
made with the ball, and ends on the left side of the body. There are various grips for executing the forehand, and their popularity has
fluctuated over the years. The most important ones are the continental, the eastern, the semi-western, and the western. For a number
of years, the small, frail 1920s playerBill Johnston was considered by many to have had the best forehand of all time, a stroke that he
hit shoulder-high using a western grip. Few top players used thewestern grip after the 1920s, but in the latter part of the 20th century,
as shot-making techniques and equipment changed radicall,ythe western forehand made a strong comeback and is now used by many
modern players. No matter which grip is used, most forehands are generally executed with one hand holding the racket, but there
have been fine players with two-handed forehands. In the 1940s and 50s, the Ecuadorian/Americanplayer Pancho Segura used a two-
handed forehand to achieve a devastating effect against larger, more powerful players. Players such as Monica Seles or France's
Fabrice Santoroand Marion Bartoli are also notable players known for their two-handed forehands[6.9]
Backhand Andy Murray hitting a two-
handed backhand.
For right-handed players, the backhand is a stroke that begins on the left side of their body,
continues across their body as contact is made with the ball, and ends on the right side of
their body. It can be executed with either one hand or with both and is generally considered
more difficult to master than the forehand. For most of the 20th century, the backhand was
performed with one hand, using either an eastern or a continental grip. The first notable
players to use two hands were the 1930s Australians Vivian McGrath and John Bromwich,
but they were lonely exceptions. The two-handed grip gained popularity in the 1970s as
Bj�rn Borg, Chris Evert, Jimmy Connors, and later Mats Wilander and Marat Safin used it
to great effect, and it is now used by a large number of the world's best players, including
Rafael Nadal and Serena Williams.[70]
Two hands give the player more control, while one hand can generate a slice shot, applying
backspin on the ball to produce a low trajectory bounce. Reach is also limited with the two-
handed shot. The player long considered to have had the best backhand of all time, Don
Budge, had a powerful one-handed stroke in the 1930s and 1940s that imparted topspin onto
the ball. Ken Rosewall, another player noted for his one-handed backhand, used a very
accurate slice backhand through the 1950s and 1960s. A small number of players, notably
Monica Seles, use two hands on both the backhand and forehand sides.
Other shots
A volley is a shot returned to the opponent in mid-air before the ball bounces, generally performed near the net, and is usually made
with a stiff-wristed punching motion to hit the ball into an open area of the opponent's court. The half volley is made by hitting the
ball on the rise just after it has bounced, also generally in the vicinity of the net, and played with the racket close to the ground.[71]
The swinging volley is hit out of the air as the player approaches the net. It is an offensive shot used to take preparation time away
from the opponent, as it returns the ball into the opponent's court much faster than a standard voll.ey
From a poor defensive position on the baseline, the lob can be used as either an offensive or defensive weapon, hitting the ball high
and deep into the opponent's court to either enable the lobber to get into better defensive position or to win the point outright by
hitting it over the opponent's head. If the lob is not hit deeply enough into the other court, however, an opponent near the net may
then hit an overhead smash, a hard, serve-like shot, to try to end the point.
A difficult shot in tennis is the return of an attempted lob over the backhand side of a player. When the contact point is higher than
the reach of a two-handed backhand, most players will try to execute a high slice (under the ball or sideways). Fewer players attempt
the backhand sky-hook or smash. Rarely, a player will go for a high topspin backhand, while themselves in the air. A successful
execution of any of these alternatives requires balance and timing, with less margin of error than the lower contact point backhands,
since this shot is a break in the regular pattern of pla.y
If an opponent is deep in his court, a player may suddenly employ an unexpectedrop shot, by softly tapping the ball just over the net
so that the opponent is unable to run in fast enough to retrieve it. Advanced players will often apply back spin to a drop shot, causing
the ball to "skid" upon landing and bounce sideways, with less forward momentum toward their opponent, or even backwards
towards the net, thus making it even more difficult to return.
Injuries
Muscle strain is one of the most common injuries in tennis.[72] When an isolated large-energy appears during the muscle contraction
and at the same time body weight apply huge amount of pressure to the lengthened muscle which can result in the occurrence of
muscle strain.[73] Inflammation and bleeding are triggered when muscle strain occur which resulted in redness, pain and swelling.[73]
Overuse is also common in tennis players from all level. Muscle, cartilage, nerves, bursae, ligaments and tendons may be damaged
from overuse. The repetitive use of a particular muscle without time for repair and recover in the most common case among the
injury.[73]
Tournaments
Tournaments are often organized by gender and number of players. Common tournament configurations include men's singles,
women's singles, and doubles, where two players play on each side of the net.oTurnaments may beorganized for specific age groups,
with upper age limits for youth and lower age limits for senior players. Example of this include the Orange Bowl and Les Petits As
junior tournaments. There are also tournaments for players with disabilities, such as wheelchair tennis and deaf tennis.[74] In the four
Grand Slam tournaments, the singles draws are limited to 128 players for each gend.er
Most large tournaments seed players, but players may also be matched by their skill level. According to how well a person does in
sanctioned play, a player is given a rating that is adjusted periodically to maintain competitive matches. For example, the United
States Tennis Association administers the National Tennis Rating Program (NTRP), which rates players between 1.0 and 7.0 in 1/2
point increments. Average club players under thissystem would rate 3.0�4.5 while world class players would be 7.0 on this scale.
Grand Slam tournaments
The four Grand Slam tournaments are considered to be the most prestigious tennis events in the world. They are held annually and
comprise, in chronological order, the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open. Apart from the Olympic
Games, Davis Cup, Fed Cup, and Hopman Cup, they are the only tournaments regulated by the International Tennis Federation
(ITF).[75] The ITF's national associations, Tennis Australia (Australian Open), the F�d�ration Fran�aise de Tennis (French Open), the
Lawn Tennis Association (Wimbledon) and the United States Tennis Association (US Open) are delegated the responsibility to
organize these events.[75]
Aside from the historical significance of these events, they also carry larger prize funds than any other tour event and are worth
double the number of ranking points to the champion than in the next echelon of tournaments, the Masters 1000 (men) and Premier
events (women).[76][77] Another distinguishing feature is the number of players in the singles draw. There are 128, more than any
other professional tennis tournament. This draw is composed of 32 seeded players, other players ranked in the world's top 100,
qualifiers, and players who receive invitations through wild cards. Grand Slam men's tournaments have best-of-five set matches
while the women play best-of-three. Grand Slam tournaments are among the small number of events that last two weeks, the others
being the Indian Wells Masters and the Miami Masters.
Currently, the Grand Slam tournaments are the only tour events that have mixed doubles contests. Grand Slam tournaments are held
in conjunction with wheelchair tennis tournaments and junior tennis competitions. These tournaments also contain their own
idiosyncrasies. For example, players at Wimbledon are required to wear predominantly white. Andre Agassi chose to skip
Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 citing the event's traditionalism, particularly its "predominantly white" dress code.[78]
Wimbledon has its own particular methods for disseminating tickets, often leading tennis fans to follow complex procedures to obtain
tickets.[79]
Grand Slam Tournaments
Date Tournament Location Surface Prize Money First
Held
January�
February Australian Open Melbourne Hard A$55,000,000 (2018) 1905
(Plexicushion)
1891*
May�June French Open Paris Clay 36,000,000 (2017) 1891*
Wimbledon Grass �31,600,000 (2017) 1877
June�July US Open London Hard (DecoTurf)
August� New York US$50,400,000 1881
September City
(2017)
* The international tournament began in 1925
Men's tournament structure
Masters 1000
The ATP World Tour Masters 1000 is a group of nine tournaments that form the second-highest echelon in men's tennis. Each event is
held annually, and a win at one of these events is worth 1000 ranking points. When the ATP, led by Hamilton Jordan, began running
the men's tour in 1990, the directors designated the top nine tournaments, outside of the Grand Slam events, as "Super 9" events.[80]
In 2000 this became the Tennis Masters Series and in 2004 the ATP Masters Series. In November at the end of the tennis year, the
world's top eight players compete in the ATP World Tour Finals, a tournament with a rotating locale. It is currently held in London,
England.[81]
In August 2007 the ATP announced major changes to the tour that were introduced in 2009. The Masters Series was renamed to the
"Masters 1000", the addition of the number 1000 referring to the number of ranking points earned by the winner of each tournament.
Contrary to earlier plans, the number of tournaments was not reduced from nine to eight and the Monte Carlo Mastersremains part of
the series although, unlike the other events, it does not have a mandatory player commitment. The Hamburg Masters has been
downgraded to a 500-point event. The Madrid Masters moved to May and onto clay courts, and a new tournament in Shanghai took
over Madrid's former indoor October slot. As of 2011 six of the nine "1000" level tournaments are combined ATP and WTA
events.[82]
250 and 500 Series
The third and fourth tier of men's tennis tournaments are formed by thAe TP World Tour 500 series, consisting of 11 tournaments, and
the ATP World Tour 250 series with 40 tournaments.[83] Like the ATP World Tour Masters 1000, these events offer various amounts
of prize money and the numbers refer to the amount of ranking points earned by the winner of a tournament.[76] The Dubai Tennis
Championships offer the largest financial incentive to players, with total prize money of US$2,313,975 (2012).[84] These series have
various draws of 28, 32, 48 and 56 for singles and 16 and 24 for doubles. It is mandatory for leading players to enter at least four 500
events, including at least one after the US Open.
Challenger Tour and Futures tournaments
The Challenger Tour for men is the lowest level of tournament administered by the ATP. It is composed of about 150 events and, as a
result, features a more diverse range of countries hosting events.[85] The majority of players use the Challenger Series at the
beginning of their career to work their way up the rankings. Andre Agassi, between winning Grand Slam tournaments, plummeted to
World No. 141 and used Challenger Series events for match experience and to progress back up the rankings.[86] The Challenger
Series offers prize funds of betweenUS$25,000 and US$150,000.
Below the Challenger Tour are the Futures tournaments, events on the ITF Men's Circuit. These tournaments also contribute towards
a player's ATP rankings points. Futures Tournaments offer prize funds of between US$10,000 and US$15,000.[87] Approximately
530 Futures Tournaments are played each yea.r
Women's tournament structure
Premier events
Premier events for women form the most prestigious level of events on the Women's Tennis Association Tour after the Grand Slam
tournaments. These events offer the largest rewards in terms of points and prize money. Within the Premier category are Premier
Mandatory, Premier 5, and Premier tournaments. The Premier events were introduced in 2009 replacing the previous Tier I and II
tournament categories. Currently four tournaments are Premier Mandatory, five tournaments are Premier 5, and twelve tournaments
are Premier. The first tiering system in women's tennis was introduced in 1988. At the time of its creation, only two tournaments, the
Lipton International Players Championshipsin Florida and the German Open in Berlin, comprised theTier I category.
International events
International tournaments are the second main tier of the WTA tour and consist of 31 tournaments, with a prize money for every
event at U.S.$220,000, except for the year-ending Commonwealth Bank Tournament of Champions in Bali, which has prize money
of U.S.$600,000.
Players
Professional players
Professional tennis players enjoy the same relative perks as most top sports personalities: clothing, equipment and endorsements.
Like players of other individual sports such as golf, they are not salaried, but must play and finish highly in tournaments to obtain
money.
In recent years, some controversy has surrounded the involuntary or deliberate noise caused by playergsr'unting.
Grand Slam tournament winners
The following players have won at least five singles titles aGt rand Slam tournaments:
Female Male
Margaret Court (24) Roger Federer (20) Margaret Court (b. 1942).
Serena Williams (23) Rafael Nadal (16)
Steffi Graf (22) Pete Sampras (14)
Helen Wills Moody (19) Roy Emerson (12)
Chris Evert (18) Novak Djokovic (12)
Martina Navratilova (18) Rod Laver (11)
Billie Jean King (12) Bj�rn Borg (11)
Maureen Connolly Brinker (9) Bill Tilden (10)
Monica Seles (9) Fred Perry (8)
Molla Bjurstedt Mallory (8) Ken Rosewall (8)
Suzanne Lenglen (8) Jimmy Connors (8)
Dorothea Lambert Chambers (7) Ivan Lendl (8)
Maria Bueno (7) Andre Agassi (8)
Evonne Goolagong Cawley (7) William Renshaw (7)
Venus Williams (7) Richard Sears (7)
Justine Henin (7) William Larned (7)
Blanche Bingley Hillyard (6) Henri Cochet (7)
Doris Hart (6) Ren� Lacoste (7)
Margaret Osborne duPont (6) John Newcombe (7)
Nancye Wynne Bolton (6) John McEnroe (7)
Louise Brough Clapp (6) Mats Wilander (7)
Lottie Dod (5) Laurence Doherty (6)
Charlotte Cooper Sterry (5) Anthony Wilding (6)
Daphne Akhurst Cozens (5) Donald Budge (6)
Helen Jacobs (5) Jack Crawford (6)
Alice Marble (5) Boris Becker (6)
Pauline Betz Addie (5) Stefan Edberg (6)
Althea Gibson (5) Frank Sedgman (5)
Martina Hingis (5) Tony Trabert (5)
Maria Sharapova (5)
Roger Federer (b. 1981).
Greatest male players
A frequent topic of discussion among tennis fans and commentators is who was the greatest
male singles player of all time. By a large margin, an Associated Press poll in 1950 named
Bill Tilden as the greatest player of the first half of the 20th century.[88] From 1920 to 1930,
Tilden won singles titles at Wimbledon three times and the U.S. Championships seven times.
In 1938, however, Donald Budge became the first person to win all four major singles titles
during the same calendar year, the Grand Slam, and won six consecutive major titles in 1937
and 1938. Tilden called Budge "the finest player 365 days a year that ever lived."[89] In his
1979 autobiography, Jack Kramer said that, based on consistent play, Budge was the greatest
player ever.[90] Some observers, however, also felt that Kramer deserved consideration for the
title. Kramer was among the few who dominated amateur and professional tennis during the
late 1940s and early 1950s. Tony Trabert has said that of the players he saw before the start of
the open era, Kramer was the best male champion[.91]
By the 1960s, Budge and others had added Pancho Gonzales and Lew Hoad to the list of Bill Tilden
contenders. Budge reportedly believed that Gonzales was the greatest player ever.[92]
Gonzales said about Hoad, "When Lew's game was at its peak nobody could touch him. ... I
think his game was the best game ever. Better than mine. He was capable of making more
shots than anybody. His two volleys were great. His overhead was enormous. He had the most natural tennis mind with the most
natural tennis physique."[93]
During the open era, firstRod Laver and more recentlyBj�rn Borg and Pete Sampras were regarded by many of their contemporaries
as among the greatest ever. Andre Agassi, the first of two male players in history to have achieved a Career Golden Slam in singles
tennis (followed by Rafael Nadal), has been called the best service returner in the history of the game.[94][95][96][97] He is the first
man to win slams on all modern surfaces (previous holders of all slams played in an era of grass and clay only), and is regarded by a
number of critics and fellow players to be among the greatest players of all tim[e9.4][98][99]
More recently, Roger Federer is considered by many observers to have the most "complete" game in modern tennis. He has won 20
grand slam titles and 6 World Tour Finals, the most for any male player. Many experts of tennis, former tennis players and his own
tennis peers believe Federer is the greatest player in the history of the game.[100][101][102][103][104][105] Federer's biggest rival
Rafael Nadal is regarded as the greatest competitor in tennis history by some former players and is regarded to have the potential to
be the greatest of all time[.106][107] Nadal is regarded as the greatest clay court player of all time[1.08]
Greatest female players
As with the men there are frequent discussions about who is the greatest female
singles player of all time with Steffi Graf, Martina Navratilova and Serena Williams
being the three players most often nominated.
In March 2012 the TennisChannel published a combined list of the 100 greatest men
and women tennis players of all time.[109] It ranked Steffi Graf as the greatest
female player (in 3rd place overall), followed by Martina Navratilova (4th place)
and Margaret Court (8th place). The rankings were determined by an international
panel.
Sportwriter John Wertheim of Sports Illustrated stated in an article in July 2010 that Serena Wiiliams July 2008
Serena Williams is the greatest female tennis player ever with the argument that
"Head-to-head, on a neutral surface (i.e. hard courts), everyone at their best, I can't
help feeling that she crushes the other legends.".[110] In a reaction to this article
Yahoo sports blog Busted Racket published a list of the top-10 women's tennis
players of all time placing Martina Navratilova in first spot.[111] This top-10 list was
similar to the one published in June 2008 by the Bleacher Report who also ranked
Martina Navratilova as the top female player of all time[1. 12]
Steffi Graf is considered by some to be the greatest female player. Billie Jean King said in 1999, "Steffi is definitely the greatest
women's tennis player of all time."[113] Martina Navratilova has included Graf on her list of great players.[113] In December 1999,
Graf was named the greatest female tennis player of the 20th century by a panel of experts assembled by the Associated Press.[114]
Tennis writer Steve Flink, in his book The Greatest Tennis Matches of the Twentieth Century, named her as the best female player of
the 20th century, directly followed by Martina Navratilova[.115]
Tennis magazine selected Martina Navratilova as the greatest female tennis player for the years 1965 through 2005.[116][117] Tennis
historian and journalistBud Collins has called Navratilova "arguably, the greatest player of all time."[118] Billie Jean King said about
Navratilova in 2006, "She's the greatest singles, doubles and mixed doubles player who's ever lived[1."19]
In popular culture
"Tennis balles" are mentioned byWilliam Shakespearein his play Henry V (1599), when a basket of them is given to
King Henry as a mockery of his youth and playfulness.
David Foster Wallace, an amateur tennis player himself at Urbana High School inIllinois,[120] included tennis in
many of his works of nonfiction and fiction including"Tennis Player Michael Joyce's ProfessionalArtistry as a
Paradigm of Certain Stuf about Choice, Freedom, Discipline, Joy, Grotesquerie, and Human Completeness,"the
autobiographical piece"Derivative Sport in Tornado Alley," and Infinite Jest, which is partially set at the fictional
"Enfield Tennis Academy" inMassachusetts.
Japanese Manga series The Prince of Tennis revolves around the tennis prodigyEchizen Ryoma and tennis
matches between rival schools.
The Royal Tenenbaums (2001) features Richie Tenenbaum (Luke Wilson), a tennis pro who sufers from depression
and has a breakdown on court in front of thousands of fans[1.21]
Wimbledon (2004) is a film about a discouraged pro tennis playerP(aul Bettany) who meets a young woman on the
women's tennis circuit (Kirsten Dunst) who helps him find his drive to go and winWimbledon.[122]
In The Squid and the Whale(2005), Joan (Laura Linney) has an affair with her kids' tennis coach, Ivan (William
Baldwin). In a symbolic scene, Joan's ex-husband, BernardJ(eff Daniels), loses a tennis match against Ivan in front
of the kids.[123]
Woody Allen's Match Point (2005) features a love afair between a former tennis pro (Jonathan Rhys Meyers) and
his best friend's fianc� (Scarlett Johansson).[124]
Confetti (2006) is a mockumentary which sees three couples competing to win the title of "Most Original Wedding of
the Year". One competing couple (Meredith MacNeill and Stephen Mangan) are a pair of hyper-competitive
professional tennis players holding a tennis-themed wedding[1.25]
There are several tennis video games includingMario Tennis, the TopSpin series, Wii Sports, and Grand Slam
Tennis.[126][127]
See also
Outline of tennis
Glossary of tennis
Tennis games
Tennis injuries
Tennis strategy
Tennis technology
Tennis statistics
References
Notes
1. William J. Baker (1988). "Sports in the Western World". p.182. University of Illinois Press,
2. Benjamin Disraeli (1845)Sybil, chapter 1
3. Gillmeister, Heiner (1998). Tennis : A Cultural History. Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press. p. 117.
ISBN 0-8147-3121-X.
4. Newman, Paul B. (2001).Daily life in the Middle Ages. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. p. 163.ISBN 978-0-7864-
0897-9.
5. Gillmeister, Heiner (1998).Tennis : A Cultural History(Repr. ed.). London: Leicester University Press. pp. 17�21.
ISBN 978-0-7185-0195-2.
6. John Moyer Heathcote; C. G. Heathcote; Edward Oliver Pleydell-Bouverie; Arthur Campbell Ainger (1901T)e. nnis.
p. 14.
7. "Online Etymology Dictionary"(http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tennis). Etymonline.com. 10 June 1927.
Retrieved 15 May 2013.
8. Crego, Robert. Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries(https://books.google.com/books?id=XCl1c2yy5oo
C&pg=PA115&dq=%22real+tennis%22+and+tenez&hl=en&ei=GrD8S8GtIcT68Abk173KBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&c
t=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22real%20tennis%22%20and%20tenez&f=fals, ep)age
115 (2003).
9. J. Perris (2000) Grass tennis courts: how to construct and maintain them(https://books.google.com/books?id=HA0k
wGCARc0C&pg=PA8&dq=lawn+tennis+created+in+19th+century+england+Wingfield&hl=en&ei=bxd-rTH9BsvE8QO
04cyXAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=falsep).8. STRI,
2000
10. Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio NationaOl ckham's Razor, first broadcast 6 June 2010.
11. Tyzack, Anna, The True Home of Tennis (http://www.countrylife.co.uk/news/culture/atricle/79487/The_True_Home_of
_Tennis.html) Country Life, 22 June 2005
12. "The Harry Gem Project"(http://www.theharrygemproject.co.uk/). theharrygemproject.co.uk. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
13. "Leamington Tennis Club" (http://www.leamington-tennis-squash.co.ukc/ lub-history). Retrieved 18 March 2008.
14. E. M. Halliday. "Sphairistik�, Anyone?"(http://www.americanheritage.com/content/sphairistik%C3%A9-anyone).
American Heritage. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
15. Major Walter Clopton Wingfield(http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/walter-wingfield) International Tennis Hall
of Fame. Retrieved 24 September 2011
16. "125 years of Wimbledon: From birth of lawn tennis to modern marvels("http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/
06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversar.ymuseum/index.html). CNN. Retrieved 21 September 2011
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Further reading
Barrett, John Wimbledon: The Official History of the Championships(HarperCollins, 2001)ISBN 978-0-00-711707-9
Collins, Bud History of Tennis -- An Authoritative Encyclopedia and Record Book(New Chapter Press, 2010)
ISBN 978-0-942257-70-0
Danzig, Allison and Peter Schwed (ed.)The Fireside Book of Tennis (Simon & Schuster, 1972) ISBN 978-0-671-
21128-8
Doherty, Reginald FrankR.F. and H.L. Doherty -- On Lawn Tennis (Kessinger Publishing, 2010)ISBN 978-1-167-
08589-5
Dwight, EleanorTie Breaker -- Jimmy Van Alen and Tennis in the 20th century(Scala Books, 2010)ISBN 978-1-
905377-40-4
Gillmeister, Heiner Tennis: A Cultural History(Continuum, 1998)ISBN 978-0-7185-0195-2
Grimsley, Will Tennis -- Its History, People and Events (Prentice-Hall, 1971)ISBN 0-13-903377-7
King, Billie Jean and Star,r Cynthia We Have Come a Long Way (McGraw-Hill, 1998) ISBN 0-07-034625-9
Whitman, Malcolm D.Tennis -- Origins and Mysteries(Dover Publications, 2004)ISBN 0-486-43357-9
External links
International organizations
International Tennis Federation (ITF)
Association of Tennis Players (ATP) � men's professional tennis organization
Women's Tennis Association (WTA) � women's professional tennis organization
Team competitions
Davis Cup
Fed Cup
Other
Tennis at Curlie (based onDMOZ)
International Tennis Hall of Fame
Tennis Grand Slam tournaments history
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