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Tóm tắt nội dung (trích từ tài liệu gốc): TENNIS RECOVERY A Comprehensive Review of the Research Editors: Mark S. Kovacs, PhD Todd S. Ellenbecker, DPT W. Ben Kibler, MD A United States Tennis Association Sport Science Committee Project Tennis Recovery: A Comprehensive Review of the Research Copyright � 2010 United States Tennis Association Inc. ISBN 978-0-692-00528-6 Editors: Mark S. Kovacs, Todd S. Ellenbecker, W. Ben Kibler TENNIS RECOVERY A Comprehensive Review of the Research A United States Tennis Association Sport Science Committee Project Editors: Mark S. Kovacs, PhD Todd S. Ellenbecker, DPT
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TENNIS RECOVERY
A Comprehensive
Review of the
Research
Editors:
Mark S. Kovacs, PhD
Todd S. Ellenbecker, DPT
W. Ben Kibler, MD
A United States Tennis Association Sport Science Committee Project
Tennis Recovery: A Comprehensive Review of the Research
Copyright � 2010 United States Tennis Association Inc.
ISBN 978-0-692-00528-6
Editors: Mark S. Kovacs, Todd S. Ellenbecker, W. Ben Kibler
TENNIS RECOVERY
A Comprehensive Review of the Research
A United States Tennis Association Sport Science Committee Project
Editors:
Mark S. Kovacs, PhD
Todd S. Ellenbecker, DPT
W. Ben Kibler, MD
Introduction
In the last two decades, physical training and competitive opportunities have increased
dramatically in junior, collegiate and professional tennis. This arose due to a multitude of factors,
but much of it has stemmed from an increase in knowledge and understanding of scientifically
based training programs focused on improving performance. As this focus on performance has
increased, the area of recovery has received relatively limited focus. Recovery is a multi-faceted
paradigm focusing on recovery from training--session to session, day to day and week to week.
Recovery is also vitally important during training as well as in competition between matches and
between days during multi-day tournaments. As more information is needed in the area of tennis
specific recovery, the Sport Science Committee of the United States Tennis Association (USTA)
sponsored an extensive evidence-based review of the available literature related to eight distinct
areas of tennis-specific recovery. These eight areas are:
� Nutritional Aspects of Tennis Recovery
� Heat and Hydration Aspects of Tennis Recovery
� Psychological Aspects of Tennis Recovery
� Recovery Aspects of Young Tennis Players
� Physiological Aspects of Tennis Recovery
� Musculoskeletal Injuries/ Orthopedics Aspects of Tennis Injury
� General Medical Aspects of Recovery
� Coaching Specific Aspects of Recovery
As the mission of the USTA Sport Science Department is "to produce, evaluate and disseminate
sport science and sports medicine information relevant to tennis," this project was a priority to help
bridge the gap between the current scientific literature covering recovery in tennis and how this
information may be applied practically to coaches, players and parents. The major objective of
this project was to gain a greater understanding of the information currently available and
provide some guidance on how tennis players should be recovering from training and
competition with a specific focus on reducing the likelihood of injury as well as improving
performance, health and safety.
The original goal of this project was to analyze the data that is available in the hope of
illuminating potential answers to some of the following frequently asked questions by coaches,
parents, tournament directors and players:
� How many matches is it appropriate to schedule in a given day for a junior (18 years old
or younger) player? (Players are grouped into 12&under, 14&under, 16&under and
18&under age groups.)
� How much time should be allowed between individual matches to allow for adequate
recovery - to achieve high level performance while also reducing the risk of injury?
� How many weeks in a row should players compete in tournaments (often times traveling
to play in these events) before taking a break?
� How much time should be allowed between training sessions?
� What guidelines should players follow to properly refuel the body after a match/ practice
to allow for recovery?
The USTA strives to base all recommendations on existing evidence-based literature, yet the
literature on recovery, particularly as it relates to tennis, is somewhat limited. Recognizing we
cannot answer most of these questions definitively, this project aimed to provide the "most
current state of knowledge" to the tennis community using information from many areas of sport
science and from other sports arenas as well. We were very fortunate to have each chapter
written by leading experts in their respective fields and the information provided does showcase
what is presently available, but it equally highlights many areas that are in need of further
research. The hope is that this information will be used by clinicians, researchers and coaches to
improve the recovery components of the competitive tennis player, with the understanding that
much of the recovery literature on tennis has yet to be investigated. More research both in lab
settings as well as on the court, during training and live tournaments needs to be evaluated
before definitive guidelines can be made.
Sincerely,
Mark Kovacs, PhD Todd S. Ellenbecker, DPT W. Ben Kibler, MD
Table of Contents p. 1-64
1. Coaching Perspectives of Tennis Recovery p. 65-128
Angela Calder, BA, BApplSci, MA (Hons)
p. 129-167
2. The Physiological Basis of Recovery:
Special Considerations in Tennis p. 168-209
William J. Kraemer, Ph.D., CSCS, FNSCA, FACSM p. 210-282
Shawn D. Flanagan, BA, p. 283-322
Gwendolyn A. Thomas, MA, CSCS p. 323-350
p. 351-387
3. Musculoskeletal Aspects of Recovery for Tennis
W. Ben Kibler, MD I
Aaron Sciascia, MS, ATC
Todd S. Ellenbecker, DPT, MS, SCS, OCS, CSCS
4. Heat and Hydration Recovery in Tennis
Mark Kovacs, PhD, CSCS
5. Psychological Aspects of Recovery in Tennis
Kristen Dieffenbach, PhD, CC AASP
6. Nutritional Recovery for Tennis
Susie Parker-Simmons, MS, RD,
7. Tennis Recovery � Medical Issues
Margot Putukian, MD, FACSM
8. Recovery and the Young Tennis Athlete
Ellen Rome, MD, MPH
Gordon Blackburn, PhD
USTA Recovery Project
Authors
The USTA Sport Science Committee, would like to thank each expert author for
agreeing to write these thoroughly researched chapters in each author's area of
specialty. They have all contributed to enhance the knowledge in the area of tennis-
specific recovery and their contribution is greatly appreciated.
Coaching Perspectives of Tennis Recovery
Angela Calder, BA, BApplSci, MA (Hons)
Lecturer in Coaching Science
School of Health and Sport Sciences
Faculty of Science, Health and Education
University of the Sunshine Coast
Maroochydore, Qld, Australia
The Physiological Basis of Recovery:
Special Considerations in Tennis
William J. Kraemer, Ph.D., CSCS, FNSCA, FACSM
Shawn D. Flanagan, BA,
Gwendolyn A. Thomas, MA, CSCS
Human Performance Laboratory
Department of Kinesiology
University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
Musculoskeletal Aspects of Recovery for Tennis
W. Ben Kibler, MD
Aaron Sciascia, MS, ATC
Lexington Clinic Sports Medicine Center
Shoulder Center of Kentucky
Todd S. Ellenbecker, DPT, MS, SCS, OCS, CSCS
Clinic Director
Physiotherapy Associates Scottsdale Sports Clinic, Scottsdale Arizona
National Director of Clinical Research, Physiotherapy Associates
Director of Sports Medicine � ATP Tour
USTA Recovery Project II
Heat and Hydration Recovery in Tennis
Mark Kovacs, PhD, CSCS
Senior Manager, Strength and Conditioning / Sport Science
United States Tennis Association
Psychological Aspects of Recovery in Tennis
Kristen Dieffenbach, PhD, CC AASP
College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences,
Department of Coaching and Teaching Studies,
West Virginia University
Nutritional Recovery for Tennis
Susie Parker-Simmons, MS, RD
Sport Dietitian United States Olympic Committee
Colorado Springs, Colorado
Tennis Recovery � Medical Issues
Margot Putukian, MD, FACSM
Director of Athletic Medicine, Princeton University
Associate Clinical Professor, UMDNJ-RWJMS, Dept of Family Practice
Past-President, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine
Recovery and the Young Tennis Athlete
Ellen Rome, MD, MPH
Head, Section of Adolescent Medicine
Cleveland Clinic
Gordon Blackburn, PhD
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Cleveland Clinic
USTA Recovery Project III
Reviewers
The USTA Sport Science Committee, would like to acknowledge the following
individuals for their time, expertise and effort reviewing these manuscripts during the
peer-review process.
Mitchel Alpert, MD
Director of Pediatric Cardiology, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, New
Jersey
Clinical Assistant Professor, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-The
Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center, New Jersey
Jessica Battaglia, MS, ATC
Coordinator, Coaching Education and Sport Science, United States Tennis
Association
George C. Branche III, MD
Orthopedic Surgeon, Anderson Clinic
Legg Mason Classic Tournament Physician
T. Jeff Chandler, EdD, CSCS
Chair, Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Jacksonville State University
Editor-in-Chief, Strength and Conditioning Journal
Miguel Crespo, PhD
Research Development Officer, International Tennis Federation
David Dines, MD
Chairman, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Long Island Jewish Medical Center of
the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
Associate Clinical Professor, Hospital for Special Surgery
United States Davis Cup Team Physician
Dan Gould, PhD
Director, Institute for the Study of Youth Sports, Michigan State University
Professor, Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University
Brian Hainline, MD
Chief Medical Officer, United States Tennis Association
Chief of Neurology and Integrative Pain Medicine, ProHEALTH Care Associates
USTA Recovery Project IV
Satoshi Ochi, MA, CSCS
Strength and Conditioning Coach, United States Tennis Association
Anne Pankhurst, BSc
Manager, Coaching Education, United States Tennis Association
Sally Parsonage, PhD, RN
Nutrition Division Head, IMG Academies International Performance Institute
David Ramos, MA
Coordinator, Coaching Education and Sport Science, United States Tennis
Association
Scott Riewald, PhD, CSCS
Performance Technologist, United States Olympic Committee
E. Paul Roetert, PhD
Managing Director, Coaching Education and Sport Science, United States Tennis
Association
Robert Russo, MS, ATC
Director, Sport Science Education, ProHEALTH Care Associates
William A. Sands, PhD
Athlete Recovery Center, United States Olympic Committee
Dawn Weatherwax-Fall, RD, ATC, CSCS
Sports Nutritionist, Sports Nutrition 2 Go
Gary Windler, MD
ATP Physician
Michael Yorio, MD
Director, Player Medical Services, US Open Tennis Championships
Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, ProHEALTH Care Associates
USTA Recovery Project V
Coaching Perspectives of Tennis Recovery
Coaching Perspectives of Tennis Recovery
Angela Calder, BA, BApplSci, MA(Hons)
Lecturer in Coaching Science
School of Health and Sport Sciences
Faculty of Science, Health and Education
University of the Sunshine Coast
Maroochydore, Qld, Australia
USTA Recovery Project 1
Coaching Perspectives of Tennis Recovery
Abstract
Fatigue is a natural response to training and stress and as such it is an essential part of
the human adaptive process. However sport scientists have struggled to provide a
single definition of fatigue because of the broad range of physiological, cognitive, and
emotional states integral to human performances. Despite debate about what
constitutes fatigue, the negative impact of it on a player's ability to train and perform
optimally and consistently, is evident to both athlete and coach. There is increased
awareness that the rate of recovery from fatigue is a gauge of a player's response to
stress. Recognition of player fatigue and how it is managed in both training and
performance contexts, is the basis of recovery. The way that fatigue is expressed
reflects the type of training undertaken, the performance environment and lifestyle
issues affecting the player. Selection of appropriate recovery strategies to address
specific types of fatigue will depend on the recovery knowledge of player and coach,
and on the availability and cost of the strategies identified.
Numerous recovery modalities are available but few have been subjected to
rigorous scientific examination. Coaches and players often depend on anecdotal
information from fellow coaches and other athletes for details about recovery techniques
and their use. This chapter has two major aims. The first is to provide coaches and
players with a systematic approach to monitoring adaptation to training and stress. The
second is to review current scientific information about commonly used recovery
modalities and strategies, with examples of how these can be integrated into training
and performance for tennis.
USTA Recovery Project 2
Coaching Perspectives of Tennis Recovery
Introduction
The roles and benefits of recovery
The main role of recovery is to help athletes adapt faster to training1,2,3.
This is done by minimizing the effects of training and performance fatigue in order to
enable the player to "bounce back" and be ready for the next session or match.2 This
process is a critical step in the "overcompensation" model.
training/competing adaptation
work/stress
fatigue accelerated
recovery
Figure 1. The principle of recovery2
The ensuing benefits from detecting and addressing athlete fatigue
include a reduction in illnesses and injuries5. The conditions of overtraining 6,7
overuse8,9,10 and burnout11,12 are common problems for high performance athletes and
can occur either independently7 or collectively6,11 when undertaking high volumes of
training7,11.13. Regular monitoring of players' stress responses can help to detect
problems early, thereby reducing the incidence and impact of such problems13,14,15. A
holistic approach to managing fatigue through the use of recognized recovery practices
USTA Recovery Project 3
Coaching Perspectives of Tennis Recovery
(outlined later) promotes adaptations to training loads and stress that are natural and
safe for the player. These recovery strategies provide the player with legitimate
techniques to promote adaptation, unlike strategies that involve the use of banned
ergogenic substances and practices, as outlined in the USTA Anti-Doping Program, that
may compromise the health and wellbeing of the player.
An additional benefit for players using recovery monitoring and management
strategies is the enhancement of their self-awareness and self management skills1.
Training hard and recovering well requires careful planning and management and
players who develop these competencies acquire skills that transfer to life outside the
sporting environment. These attributes are invaluable for the post competitive career
period when players transit into other vocations and lifestyles.
Recognizing fatigue
The fatigue experienced by players in training and competition is a necessary
part of the adaptive process2,17. The astute coach will design programs specifically to
expose the player to many varieties of fatigue in order to extend the player's skill levels
and capability to perform in both fresh and fatigued states. The challenge for most
coaches and players is to identify what capacity is being fatigued from these stresses17
and then to be able to select the most appropriate recovery strategies to accelerate the
restoration of the player to a normal functioning state3,4.
USTA Recovery Project 4
Coaching Perspectives of Tennis Recovery
Types of Fatigue
Training and competition fatigue can be categorized into four main types based
on the source of the fatigue. It is important for a coach and player to be able to identify
the source of the fatigue14 so that they know how to address each type of fatigue with
appropriate and specific recovery strategies1,3. Metabolic fatigue refers to fatigue
resulting from imbalances in the availability and replenishment of the energy required to
perform (fluids and fuels) (see chapter on Nutrition). It is associated typically with high
volumes of training and competition18,19. This can occur as a result of demanding
training sessions or matches lasting more than one hour, or as a result of several
sessions a day, or training and matches over a number of days.
Much less is known about neural fatigue than metabolic fatigue. Neural fatigue
may result from fatigue of either or both, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and/or
the central nervous system (CNS). The former occurs when there are biochemical
imbalances in strong ion concentrations or neurotransmitters within the muscle cell,
resulting in a reduction of localized force production20. PNS fatigue may occur after
short but high intensity training sessions or matches even when there is no evidence of
metabolic fatigue, or after long lasting but low intensity sessions20,21. Fatigue of the
central nervous system can occur if the player has an inadequate diet22 (e.g.low blood
glucose levels), lacks motivation, or is injured20. It is characterized by a lack of drive20
and may occur independently from or consecutively with, psychological fatigue. The
causes of psychological fatigue are varied and may stem from within or outside the
training and competition program14,15,23. The most common sources of this type of
USTA Recovery Project 5
Coaching Perspectives of Tennis Recovery
fatigue include competition pressures, school exams, home life stresses, and financial
difficulties (see chapter on Psychology).
Environmental fatigue occurs through time spent travelling and dealing with
changing weather conditions and time zones. Climate and weather conditions such as
the extreme heat experienced by players at the Australian Open, can lead to an earlier
onset of fatigue than would be normal for that player. Time spent travelling, particularly
through one or more time zones can lead to jet-lag, so additional recovery strategies are
needed to address fatigue in these circumstances1,24,25.
All of these types of fatigue may occur together or independently depending on
the amount and type of workloads and stress affecting a player. A multi-day tournament
with poor weather conditions may produce all types fatigue, so a comprehensive and
integrated approach to recovery requires careful planning to minimize the impact of this
on performance1,3,4.
USTA Recovery Project 6
Coaching Perspectives of Tennis Recovery
Table 1: Training and Competition Fatigue1
Type of Main causes for fatigue Expression of this Tennis examples
Fatigue fatigue
Metabolic � Long training sessions e.g. � Player fatigues sooner than � Lethargy in body language
Fatigue of one hour or more is normal for that player � Walking slowly in the session
(Energy � Slower response to chasing
Stores) � Playing several matches a � Player struggles to
day e.g. singles and doubles complete a session or balls
Neurological event
Fatigue � Cumulative fatigue from
PNS Fatigue training or competing over
(muscles) many days e.g. tournaments
Neurological � After short high intensity � Reduced localized force � Slow feet
Fatigue sessions, e.g. weights, production e.g. slower � Reduced acceleration
CNS Fatigue plyometrics, complex skill responses, reduced power � Poor technique and co-
execution, etc.
ordination.
� After long training sessions � Abnormal number of technical
of one hour or more, or after
matches greater than two mistakes
hours. � Reduced power in shots and
� Several matches over strokes
consecutive days26
� Low blood glucose levels � Lack of drive � Looses concentration quickly
� High pressured training � Slower at processing visual � Slower at decision making
� Slower anticipation timing e.g.
session � especially cues
involving rapid decision speed and placement of
making and reactions opponents serve or return
� Poor motivation e.g.
7
Coaching Perspectives of Tennis Recovery
(brain) monotony of training,
emotional factors, injury etc.
Psychological � Lack of squad cohesion, � Player looses self- � Player shows a definite lack in
Fatigue personality conflicts etc. confidence or self esteem confidence during play and also
off court
(emotional, � Competition pressures, � Poor interaction and
social, cultural) event venue, residential deteriorating � Tends to be more negative
conditions, parents, coach, communication with other than usual especially in self-
media, etc. players and coaches talk, and with body language
� Other lifestyle stresses � � Increased signs of anxiety, � Players' communication seems
home, school exams, negative attitudes, etc. different, e.g. pre occupied with
personal relationships matters away from tennis that
affect focus and concentration
Environmental � Weather (e.g. wind, heat and � Players are slower to start � Player takes longer than usual
& Travel sun) increase fatigue � Fatigue sooner than normal to get game together
Fatigue
� Disruption of normal especially in the heat � Unforced errors in the first
routines, circadian � Visual fatigue from bright or 15 min are well above normal
dysrhythmia
glaring sunlight � Tired eyes and eye strain
� Disruption to sleep, waking � Poor tracking of the ball
and meal times
� Sedentary and restricted
body movement on long
journeys, i.e. 30 min or more
� Adapting to different
climates and time zones
Adapted from Calder1
8
Coaching Perspectives of Tennis Recovery
Main Text
Monitoring adaptive responses to training and stress
Players will adapt to training and stress in different ways and at different rates
depending on their developmental age, training experience and performance level27. For
these reasons it is essential to monitor individual responses to work and stress, both
within and outside the training and competition environment. There are three
perspectives to monitoring a player's adaptation. These are through the player's own
recorded perceptions28,29,30 the coach's observations at training and in competition4,31
and sport scientist and sport medical screening and testing assessments32,33. Each
person involved in this process has a different role but the collective information from all
parties provides a holistic view of adaptation throughout a players' long term
involvement in tennis 27,28.
Of the three views, the most important is that of the player who is responsible for
self-assessment on a daily basis. The coach is the next most important individual as the
coach is able to monitor the player at training and often in competition. The coach's
records of player performance and behavior are an invaluable source of empirical
information. Sport science and sport medicine evaluations and reviews occur less
frequently and are more intermittent depending on the needs of the player. These are
often expensive as they require greater expertise than the personal observations
conducted by player and coach.
9
Coaching Perspectives of Tennis Recovery
Table 2: Monitoring Strategies for player development, experience (training age) and increased workloads and stress27,28
FUNdamental Learning to Train Training to Train Training to Training to Win Masters Players
Compete and Coaches
Specific Training Specific Training Specific Training Specific Training Specific Training Specific Training
Age: 0 years Age: 1-2+/- years Age: 3-7+/- years Age: 8-10+/- Age: 10-12+/- Age: 1-100+/-
years years years
At Training (C)* Start Recording Daily Records Daily Records Daily Records Daily Records (P)
Smiley Face. (P) (P) (P) (P) � Resting HR
� Energy / tired � Energy / tired � Resting HR � Resting HR (As for the � Energy / fatigue
� Happiness � Energy / fatigue � Energy / fatigue previous stage) � Self esteem
� Self-esteem � Self-esteem � Self esteem Individualized � Quality of sleep
Reminder (C) � Quality of sleep � Quality of sleep � Quality of sleep testing and � Muscle soreness
� Toilet (hydration � Muscle � Muscle screening varies � External stresses
� Illness or injury for each athlete � Illness or injury
checks) Reminder (C) soreness soreness (C & SS) � Menstrual cycle
� Toilet checks � Body weight � Body weight
6-9 months (C) � External � External Access to facilities (if relevant)
� Limited field and and technology, Ongoing (P)
stresses stresses plus the intensity � Toilet checks
sports specific � Illness or injury � Illness or injury of the competition 6-12 month (SS)
testing � Menstrual cycle � Menstrual cycle schedule will � Sport Science &
Ongoing (P) Ongoing (P) influence when
� Toilet checks � Toilet checks and how often Medical checks
2-6 months (SS) 2-6 months (SS) testing and Annual (SS)
� Musculoskeletal � Sports science screening are � Musculoskeletal
done
checks & Medicine checks
� Sports science checks
6-12 months (SS)
checks
� Musculoskeletal
checks
*Monitoring responsibilities: (P) = player: (C) = Coach: (SS) = sport scientist or sport medical specialist
________________________________________________________________________________
Coaching Perspectives of Recovery 10
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[Cuối tài liệu]
Recovery and the Young Athlete
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USTA Recovery Project 387
TENNIS RECOVERY
A Comprehensive Review of the Literature
A United States Tennis Association Sport Science Committee Project